Ball Aerospace is building the Cryogenic Telescope Assembly (CTA) for the Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) project and stray light control is a critical part of this effort. The heliocentric orbit where the S...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
Ball Aerospace is building the Cryogenic Telescope Assembly (CTA) for the Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) project and stray light control is a critical part of this effort. The heliocentric orbit where the Sun is never allowed to illuminate the CTA and the Earth is relatively far away is a key feature for stray light control. Mirror and paint BRDFs were measured at various SIRTF wavelengths in order to provide inputs for the stray light models. Stray light from telescope self emission, a distant point source, and the galaxy were analyzed. The design ensures that stray light will be less than 21% of the celestial background at all SIRTF wavelengths.
An original method to enable the exact solution for the noncemented two-lens objective by means of any number of simultaneous non-linear equations is described. The method is limited to spherical surfaces without dece...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
An original method to enable the exact solution for the noncemented two-lens objective by means of any number of simultaneous non-linear equations is described. The method is limited to spherical surfaces without decentrations. Separations and refractive indices of glasses are fixed. Ail curvatures of surfaces are indirectly determined in the final stage. The typical meridional aperture aberrations deal with aplanatic and achromatic conditions. Essence of the method relies on formulation functions which contain trigonometric expressions and are nested up to certain depth. The method uses the advanced professional mathematical software which is indispensable for serving the non-linear system of equations. Numerical examples confirm the helpfulness of the method.
We describe the features of the optical system for Terrestrial Planet Finder, a space-based, cryogenic (35 K) interferometer for direct detection of Earth-type planets around nearby stars. Destructive interference in ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
We describe the features of the optical system for Terrestrial Planet Finder, a space-based, cryogenic (35 K) interferometer for direct detection of Earth-type planets around nearby stars. Destructive interference in a stellar interferometer suppresses stellar glare by a factor of several thousand or more, and phase chopping distinguishes planet light from symmetric backgrounds. The mid-infrared (7-20 mu m) is favorable for detecting planetary emission relative to that from the star, and this spectral region also offers important molecular signatures indicative of key atmospheric gases.
Non-imaging integrators which can be used for laser beam homogenization in materials processing with excimer laser radiation are analysed with regards to geometrical and statistical optics. A model for the transversal...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
Non-imaging integrators which can be used for laser beam homogenization in materials processing with excimer laser radiation are analysed with regards to geometrical and statistical optics. A model for the transversal degree of coherence of the laser radiation is presented in order to estimate the performance of the integrating devices for the partially coherent excimer laser radiation. This is necessary for a more relevant design of those elements than a design by geometric optical means only. The concept of non-imaging integrators is enhanced by separating the multifaceted element from the focusing lens. This separation provides more flexibility in the processing distance of the optical system. A further enhancement is the combination of such a system with an imaging lens in order to create a system which produces a top hat fluence distribution with variable size for materials processing applications.
We have examined the main constraints on the design of single-channel, high-capacity soliton communication systems. Ln the average soliton regime, the Gordon-Haus timing jitter limits the bit rate to less than 7 Gb/s ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
We have examined the main constraints on the design of single-channel, high-capacity soliton communication systems. Ln the average soliton regime, the Gordon-Haus timing jitter limits the bit rate to less than 7 Gb/s for transoceanic fiber links, while for shorter transmission distances the main limitation is fiber perturbations arising from discrete in-line amplification. The use of dispersion-decreasing fibers and of periodic optical, phase conjugation for jitter control can increase significantly the capacity of soliton communication systems. We found that the third-order dispersion assumes a prominent role in this case. Reducing this effect sufficiently, the main constraint becomes the soliton-soliton interactions and bit rates superior to 110 Gb/s can be achieved for amplifier spacings less than 80 km. For higher amplifier spacings the bit rate is limited by the Raman induced timing jitter.
Bi-AGRIN cemented doublets, super corrected for zero axial color, spherical aberration and sphero-chromatism (we will call them spherochromats) can show polychromatic performance in the range of 0.004 waves Pv or bett...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
Bi-AGRIN cemented doublets, super corrected for zero axial color, spherical aberration and sphero-chromatism (we will call them spherochromats) can show polychromatic performance in the range of 0.004 waves Pv or better at the red and blue wavelengths for speeds up to F/2, (0.06 waves Pv of F/1.5). These doublets are comprised of two elements of axial gradient index glass. The crown and flint elements are each designed with separate and distinct gradient glass lines, giving each element an axial gradient in refractive index and dispersion(1). This paper examines one design and its performance sensitivity to dispersion modeling via the Buchdahl and Sellmeier dispersion equations.
A number of preliminary opticaldesigns for a new generation of 4 metre astronomical survey telescopes have been investigated. These have large fields of view and operate in both the visible and near IR astronomical w...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
A number of preliminary opticaldesigns for a new generation of 4 metre astronomical survey telescopes have been investigated. These have large fields of view and operate in both the visible and near IR astronomical wavebands. Typical requirements for dual band systems of this type are presented. Two designs for prime focus refractive field corrector systems are presented, with and without aspheric surfaces. The use of aspheric surfaces on the field corrector lenses is shown to allow a large field of view (2 degrees diameter) to be achieved. A design for a three mirror reflective system is presented which also allows a 2 degrees field to be achieved. An infrared imager, based on a modified Schmidt camera, is presented which allows a 1 degrees field of view to be achieved. Additionally, a modified Ritchey-Chretien telescope, incorporating refracting field corrector lenses is presented. This design provides a large field of view over both the visible and lR wavebands. The mechanical constraints of combining these systems into dual channel systems are also discussed.
Many illumination situations involve a flat surface and an oblique luminaire placement. Today's commercially available luminaires give very uneven illumination here. A novel injection-moldable segmented lens is pr...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
Many illumination situations involve a flat surface and an oblique luminaire placement. Today's commercially available luminaires give very uneven illumination here. A novel injection-moldable segmented lens is presented that will uniformly illuminate a rectangular zone, such as a stair-step or a picture on a wall. Its design is a development of prior methods(1) of lens-surface generation that derived the array of surface normal vectors required to match a source with a particular illumination prescription. This matching is done via grids on the unit sphere: one for the source and one for the prescription. The cells of these two grids are sized so that they have the same flux of lumens, according to the source intensity and the prescribed illumination, respectively. The first development is the use of an equi-flux polar grid for the target rectangle, because most light sources have circular symmetry. The second development is the radial segmentation of the lens surface in order to approximate the non-irrotational array of surface normal vectors derived from the two grids. designs are presented for step-lighting by LEDs and fiber-optic billboard lighting.
The performance of an optical system can be degraded by the intrusion of stray light from sources both inside and outside of the system field of view. Stray light, or "veiling glare," can be particularly dis...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
The performance of an optical system can be degraded by the intrusion of stray light from sources both inside and outside of the system field of view. Stray light, or "veiling glare," can be particularly distracting in visual systems such as Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) systems. This paper describes techniques used by the authors to map stray light source positions in the far field for HMD systems and to quantitatively define their impact. The mapping can be performed over 4 pi steradians (i.e., over a full sphere) both inside and outside the system field of view. Monte-Carlo ray tracing algorithms are utilized for determining an effective source intensity distribution across the entire far field and a subtractive technique is utilized that separates the veiling glare component from the desired optical signal component. Once the major veiling glare source positions are identified, methods to reduce veiling glare can be determined. A technique for reducing noise in the calculation due to the statistical nature of the Monte Carlo ray trace is also discussed.
Correlation between computational models and corresponding experimental data of stray light produced by unwanted diffraction orders of diffractive lenses is described. It is shown that the attractive scaler model unde...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819432652
Correlation between computational models and corresponding experimental data of stray light produced by unwanted diffraction orders of diffractive lenses is described. It is shown that the attractive scaler model under Fresnel approximation does not agree with experimental data. The validity of Fresnel approximation for multi-order focusing optics is derived to explain the limitation of the scaler approach. Geometrical models with both coherent and incoherent summation of each diffractive orders coupled with efficiency estimation is used with success. The model takes into account the local diffraction efficiency and also of the number of diffractive orders supported locally by the structure. This geometrical optics model can be used in standard opticaldesign software. Therefore it may be recommended as an additional tool for stray light analysis at the design stage of hybrid refractive/diffractive optical systems. In a second part, the impact of unwanted diffraction orders when diffractive optics is used in visible imaging systems is discussed. Several experimental observations about the use of plastic refractive/diffractive lens in relation to different fabrication process used to build the lens are also discussed. From those observations, we recommend an approach to reduce the stray light produced by the diffractive lens. In conclusion, a serious stray light analysis is mandatory in the design of visible imaging systems using diffractive lenses.
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