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Balancing detector effects with aberrations in the design of wide-field grazing incidence x-ray telescopes

optical engineering 2006年第6期45卷

作者： Harvey, James E. Atanassova, Martina Krywonos, Andrey Univ Cent Florida CREOL Orlando FL 32826 USA

Most imaging systems today include a mosaic detector array in the focal plane. optical designers of astronomical telescopes typically produce a design that yields a superb on-axis aerial image in the focal plane, and detector effects are included only in the analysis of the final system performance. Aplanatic optical designs (corrected for spherical aberration and coma) are widely considered to be superior to nonaplanatic designs. However, there is little merit in an aplanatic design for wide-field applications because one needs to optimize some field-weighted-average measure of resolution over the desired operational field of view (OFOv). Furthermore, when used with a mosaic detector array in the focal plane, detector effects eliminate the advantage of the aplanatic design even at small field angles. For wide fields of view, the focal plane is frequently despaced to balance field curvature with defocus thus obtaining better overall performance. We will demonstrate that including detector effects in the optical design process results in a different optimal (nonaplanatic) design for each OFOv that is even superior to an optimally despaced aplanatic design. (c) 2006 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.

关键词： detector effects wide-field imaging systems grazing incidence x-ray telescopes

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Stabilization of the line of sight of a cryogenic optical system

Stabilization of the line of sight of a cryogenic optical sy...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Ren, Qifeng Shen, Mangzuo Tan, Shuliang Liao, Sheng Chinese Acad Sci Inst Opt & Elect 4-9 Renminnan Rd Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

Cryogenic optical systems are often mounted in vacuum cryostat. An interesting concern in the mechanical design is how to maintain the stability of the line of sight (LOS) of the cryogenic optical system when it is cooled down to very low temperature. To investigate this problem an experimental cryogenic optical system, its mounting structure, and a cryostat were designed and fabricated. After assembling them together, a test experiment for measuring the LOS drift was carried out. Finally, the test results will be presented in this paper.

关键词： cryogenic optical system line of sight optomechanical design optical test

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Analysis and design of an adaptive lens

Analysis and design of an adaptive lens

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Santiago-Alvarado, A. vazquez-Montiel, S. Gonzalez-Garcia, J. Garcia-Luna, v. M. Fernandez-Morena, A. vera-Diaz, E. UTM Inst Fis & Matemat Huajuapan Leon Oaxaca 6900 Mexico INAOE Inst Opt Puebla Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

This study presents the design and analysis of a lens with a variable focal length, which we will call an adaptive lens. This lens is formed of two transparent elastic surfaces with a transparent liquid medium between them. The mechanical design of the lens considers the variation of liquid pressure between the surfaces. This causes changes in curvature radii and in the axial thickness, generating variations in the focal length of the lens. An analysis is given of changes in lens power with respect to changes in pressure. Finally, a model of the human eye is presented using this adaptive lens as crystalline.

关键词： adaptive elastic surfaces liquid lens model human eyes

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End-to-end compensation of digital-optical imaging systems

End-to-end compensation of digital-optical imaging systems

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Robinson, M. Dirk Stork, David G. Ricoh Innovat 2882 Sand Hill RdSuite 115 Menlo Pk CA 94025 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

Reliable fabrication and assembly of high-quality electro-optical imaging systems is a critical challenge facing electro-optical imaging system manufacturers. optical compensation is one standard approach for minimizing the effects of errors introduced during the manufacture and construction of the optical subsystems. We describe how digital image processing should be considered as a form of compensation when evaluating a complete imaging system. We describe a novel method for digital-optical compensation which jointly adjusts both optical parameters and image processing parameters to maximize end-to-end imaging performance. We verify the superiority of this joint compensation strategy over the traditional sequential compensation through several example imaging systems.

关键词： digital imaging optical design image processing lens testing compensation

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Fundamental and specific steps in Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor design

Fundamental and specific steps in Shack-Hartmann wavefront s...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Curatu, Costin Curatu, George Rolland, Jannick Univ Cent Florida CREOL FPCE Coll Opt & Photon Orlando FL 32816 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

Shack-Hartmann sensors are widely used to measure wavefront aberrations. We present the fundamental and specific engineering steps in the design of Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors. Typical performance requirements such as sensor dynamic range, sensitivity and accuracy are defined and discussed. We investigate the trade-offs between these performance metrics and the factors affecting the trade-offs. A first order approach for selecting the optimal parameters of the sensor central piece, the lenslet array, is presented. We also propose a quick tolerance analysis method that can predict the wavefront measurement error due to misalignments, using only the ray-tracing software.

关键词： wavefront sensing Shack-Hartmann sensor tolerance analysis

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A hardware-based simulation platform for optical design and engineering

A hardware-based simulation platform for optical design and ...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Ortiz, Fernando E. Durbano, James P. Sharkawy, Ahmed S. Shi, Shouyuan Curt, Petersen F. EM Photon 51 E Main StSuite 203 Newark DE 19711 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

optical lenses and systems have historically been of interest to the design and simulation community due to their extensive use in a variety of applications, including telecommunications and imaging. To simulate these systems, it is often possible to take advantage of symmetry or apply physical approximations, such as ray tracing and/or beam propagation, in order to avoid a rigorous solution of Maxwell's equations. However, in cases where these techniques are not applicable, such as when feature sizes become comparable to the wavelength of interest, full-wave electromagnetic simulations are required. Unfortunately, the time constraints and simulation sizes associated with many designs render this analysis infeasible or impractical, a problem that is aggravated by iterative design flows. Hence, a numerical platform capable of handling such computationally intense problems is necessary. In this paper, we present a hardware-based, full-wave simulation platform and demonstrate the advantages of hardware acceleration for the simulation of optical applications. Specifically, we will present a diffractive optical element (DOE) lens simulation, comparing results with previously published analytic and experimental data. We then modify the basic lens arrangement to produce an optical beam splitter. Because such a device cannot be analytically described using symmetry, this example will demonstrate the unique advantages of powerful hardware solvers for the analysis of DOE applications. Finally, we discuss how hardware-based solvers are critical for iterative designs by means of a 1-to-3 beam splitter example. This simulation system represents a new era in optical engineering, enabling the design of next-generation devices today.

关键词： optics lens DOE splitter design hardware simulation FDTD FPGA acceleration

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Looking for order in the optical design landscape

Looking for order in the optical design landscape

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Bociort, Florian van Turnhout, Maarten Delft Univ Technol Opt Res Grp Lorentzweg 1 NL-2628 CJ Delft Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

In present-day optical system design, it is tacitly assumed that local minima are points in the merit function landscape without relationships between them. We will show however that there is a certain degree of order in the design landscape and that this order is best observed when we change the dimensionality of the optimization problem and when we consider not only local minima, but saddle points as well. We have developed earlier a computational method for detecting saddle points numerically, and a method, then applicable only in a special case, for constructing saddle points by adding lenses to systems that are local minima. The saddle point construction method will be generalized here and we Will show how, by performing a succession of one-dimensional calculations, many local minima of a given global search can be systematically obtained from the set of local minima corresponding to systems with fewer lenses. As a simple example, the results of the Cooke triplet global search will be analyzed. In this case, the vast majority of the saddle points found by our saddle point detection software can in fact be obtained in a much simpler way by saddle point construction, starting from doublet local minima.

关键词： saddle point optimization optical system design lithography

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Plane development of lateral surfaces for inspection systems

Plane development of lateral surfaces for inspection systems

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Francini, F. Fontani, D. Jafrancesco, D. Mercatelli, L. Sansoni, P. Ist Nazl Ott Appl L Go E Fermi 6 I-50125 Florence Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

The problem of developing the lateral surfaces of a 3D object can arise in item inspection using automated imaging systems. In an industrial environment, these control systems typically work at high rate and they have to assure a reliable inspection of the single item. For compactness requirements it is not convenient to utilise three or four CCD cameras to control all the lateral surfaces of an object. Moreover it is impossible to mount optical components near the object if it is placed on a conveyor belt. The paper presents a system that integrates on a single CCD picture the images of both the frontal surface and the lateral surface of an object. It consists of a freeform, lens mounted in front of a CCD camera with a commercial lens. The aim is to have a good magnification of the lateral surface, maintaining a low aberration level for exploiting the pictures in an image processing software. The freeform lens, made in plastics, redirects the light coming from the object to the camera lens. The final result is to obtain on the CCD: - the frontal and lateral surface images, with a selected magnification (even with two different values for the two images);- a gap between these two images, so an automatic method to analyse the images can be easily applied. A simple method to design the freeform lens is illustrated. The procedure also allows to obtain the imaging system modifying a current inspection system reducing the cost.

关键词： optical design freeform optics industrial control optical component

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optical design for the Adaptive Secondary Setup and Instrument Stimulator (ASSIST)

Optical design for the Adaptive Secondary Setup and Instrume...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Hallibert, Pascal Arsenault, Robin Delabre, Bernard Esposito, Simone Hubin, Norbert Quirrenbach, Andreas Riccardi, Armando Stroebele, Stefan Stuik, Remko vink, Ramon Leiden Observ POB 9513 NL-2300 RA Leiden Netherlands ESO DE-85748 Garching Germany Osserv Astrofis Arcetri I-50125 Florence Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

A comprehensive suite of Adaptive Optics systems and AO-assisted instruments is currently under development for the vLT and will be built around a hyperbolic convex adaptive Deformable Secondary Mirror (DSM). In telescopes with such a secondary mirror, test and calibration of both the DSM and the science instruments using it are notoriously expensive and time-consuming. The Adaptive Secondary Setup and Instrument Stimulator (ASSIST) is being developed to allow test and integration of three key elements of the future vILT Adaptive Telescope Facility: the DSM and 2 instrument-specific adaptive optics systems (GALACSI for MUSE and GRAAL for HAWK-I). The core of ASSIST is a standalone interferometric test setup for the DSM allowing its test at its center of curvature (significantly reducing the size of the classical hyperbole focii test configuration). This setup is completed by a star simulator for both natural and laser guide stars, a turbulence generator (for realistic AO performance measurements), a corrector system generating a vLT-like exit pupil and a Nasmyth rotator simulator interfacing with the two AO systems. In this paper we present the optical architecture of ASSIST, detailing the current design of the different parts of the system, and discuss its projected performance and compliance with the test and calibration requirements.

关键词： Adaptive Optics Deformable Secondary Mirror ASSIST Test Bench Pupil Imaging Turbulence Generator vLT Adaptive Optics Facility GALACSI GRAAL MUSE HAWK-I

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An optimized design of a scanning confocal probe

An optimized design of a scanning confocal probe

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Qiu, Z. R. Qin, J. Zhang, H. W. Zhang, G. X. Lu, Stephen C. Tianjin Univ State Key Lab Precis Measuring Technol & Instrume Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Univ Southern Calif Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn Los Angeles CA 90089 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

Basing on the principle of dynamic active confocal measuring method, a non-contact probe was introduced. The relation between the displacement of the object measured and the displacement of the oscillating unit was established by applying to the measure principle. To find the effect way to improve the output signal, a mathematical modal of the photoelectric signal was proposed. According to the mathematical modal, the diameter of the pinhole was decided and the optical path was adjusted, which improved the performance of the probe. It valuable to emphasize that the double lens oscillating unit was the crucial parts of the mechanical and optical structure. The tuning fork stimulating, inductive coils and the pinhole and photodiode adjuster device were designed according to the theoretical analysis, which were more convenient to the measure task. The stability of the oscillating unit was tested;and the optical and mechanical performance of the probe was validated by experiments using gage blocks combining with a micro-motion measuring mount model. The cost of a micro-displacement testing sensor was saved in designing of this kind of probe. A more accurate signal processing method was discussed in this paper.

关键词： dynamic active confocal mathematical modal structure stability

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