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design of coded structured light based on square-shaped primitives 19

Design of coded structured light based on square-shaped prim...

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19th conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering

作者： Lau, Chi-Chung Sun, Ching-Chern Yang, Tsung-Hsun Yu, Yeh-Wei Chou, Si-Min Ind Technol Res Inst Green Energy & Environm Res Labs Bldg 24195Sec 4Chung Hsin Rd Hsinchu 31057 Taiwan Natl Cent Univ Dept Opt & Photon Kwoh Ting Opt & Photon Bldg300 Jhongda Rd Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

This paper presents a new pattern design for encoding structured light for scanning 3D surface and the decoding process. The basic unit of the pattern is a code-block that contains one central label and eight square-shaped primitives that provide two functions: code-block indexing and point-positions for triangulating. The square-shaped primitive has one notch in a different position to represent 8 digit numbers, which are easily to convert label to number for indexing code-block. One primitive also contributes five point-positions, centroid and four extreme, for triangulating and estimating 3D information. The design of code-block has eight 8-bit numbers allowing a higher error-tolerant and providing better resolution in 3D reconstruction. Experiment shows that the proposed pattern is suitable for indoor mapping and large scene scanning.

关键词： coded structured light primitives 3-D data acquisition computer vision

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design and fabrication of 256×256 diffractive microlens arrays on Si substrates

Design and fabrication of 256×256 diffractive microlens arr...

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Proceedings of the 1998 conference on current developments in optical Elements and Manufacturing

作者： Li, Yi Yi, Xinjian Hao, Jianhua Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology Wuhan China

256×256 diffractive microlens arrays have been designed by considering the independent optical and processing parameters for 3-5 μm wavelength with a microlens size of 100 μm. The lens F number and array pitch are 1.5 and 100 μm, respectively. The diffractive microlens arrays have been fabricated on the surface of Si substrates by successive photolithography and Ar+ ion-beam-etching technique. The practical processes and fabrication method are discussed. The optical characteristics and measurements of the diffractive microlens arrays are presented.

关键词： optical instrument lenses

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Further results in measuring water ice buildup on optical components in cryogenic vacuum chambers

Further results in measuring water ice buildup on optical co...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering Xiv

作者： Moeller, Trevor M. Smith, L. Montgomery Collins, Frank G. Labello, Jesse M. Rogers, James P. Lowry, Heard S. Crider, Dustin H. Univ Tennessee Inst Space 411 BH Goethert Pkwy Tullahoma TN 37388 USA Arnold Engn Dev Complex Arnold AFB TN 37389 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Experiments presented in a previous paper(1) established proof-of-principle that water, the most prevalent contaminant in high-vacuum cryogenic systems, initially collects on the surfaces of optical components as a thin film of ice, and thus can be detected and its thickness measured via multiple-beam thin-film interference phenomena. In those earlier experiments, a molecular sieve zeolite in a canister external to a vacuum chamber served as a water source, while the buildup of ice was measured using a HeNe laser beam reflected off the surface of a mirror with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) used for verification of the mass accumulation. Additional experiments have improved upon the techniques used earlier and provided further insight into the ice accumulation process. Use of a shorter wavelength (450 nm) laser in conjunction with a first-surface gold mirror produced greater depth of modulation and thus increased signal-to-noise ratio in the light interference. Data reduction using cross-correlation analysis over single-period interference records provided more accuracy and precision in the ice thickness measurements. Ice buildup under varying pressure and temperature ranges established baseline conditions for transparent thin-film deposition, and the transition to ice fracture and specular reflection. These recent experiments have demonstrated that the optical monitoring of ice accumulation via multiple-beam interference is applicable over a wider range of mass and thicknesses than the conventionally-used QCM method.

关键词： Cryogenic contamination thin film interference

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design, tolerancing and alignment of pushbroom imaging spectrometers for high response uniformity

Design, tolerancing and alignment of pushbroom imaging spect...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering II

作者： Mouroulis, P Shea, JJ Thomas, DA CALTECH Jet Propuls Lab Pasadena CA 91109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819441554

We present a design and tolerancing approach that permits the achievement of a high degree of spatial and spectral uniformity of response from a pushbroom imaging spectrometer. Such uniformity of response is crucial for the extraction of accurate spectroscopic information from remotely sensed data. The spectrometer system example comprises two independent spectrometer modules covering the 400-2500 nm range, separated through a dichroic mirror. The relative merits of alternative approaches are briefly reviewed before concentrating on the problem of building a flight-worthy system that can approximate its design performance. The tolerancing approach requires simultaneous monitoring of many parameters, and specifically: overall image quality, spectral distortion, spectral MTF variation with field, spatial distortion, spatial MTF variation with wavelength, and slit magnification to within a small fraction of a pixel. It is shown that the wavefront error alone or even supplemented by distortion figures is insufficient for characterizing a system with high response uniformity. Tolerance values on the components and their positioning are primarily guided by the need to achieve the same magnification between the two spectrometer modules, as well as by the interferometric alignment method.

关键词： Tolerancing Spectrometers Short wave infrared radiation Beam splitters Mirrors Modulation transfer functions Distortion Image quality Point spread functions Wavefronts

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Reflectivity of the Al-Cr stray-light-absorptive coating

Reflectivity of the Al-Cr stray-light-absorptive coating

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering III

作者： Anisimov, VP Anisimova, IA Moldosanov, KA Skrynnikov, AM Kashirin, VA Kyrgyz Acad Sci Inst Chem & Chem Technol Bishkek 720071 Kyrgyzstan

ISBN: (纸本)0819445347

Results of measurements of the total hemispherical reflectance (THR), emissivity c and solar radiation absorption factor alpha(s) of the Al-Cr stray-light-absorptive coating are reported. This coating was designed to reduce the stray sunlight background in aerospace instruments. Generally, this problem arises when a density of instruments installed on the satellite is high and it is difficult to avoid getting to instrument the light reflected by neighboring devices. The THR, epsilon and alpha(s) measurement results are presented for 10 wavelengths within a range from. 400 to 927 nm, and also at 121.6 nm, the most intensive line of the solar UV spectrum, which is able to create considerable contribution to the detector noise in space devices. The goal of present experiments was to test an idea that by providing the electron scattering in the coating skin layer, it is possible to reduce the THR. To have the samples with increased electron scattering intensity, the samples of the Al-Cr coating were manufactured. As in the Al-Cr alloy the d-band of chromium electrons is located in the vicinity of the Fermi energy of Al, in this alloy a considerable electron scattering takes place. Therefore, within the skin layer of such coating, the electrons excited by photons transfer their energies and momenta to the lattice and other electrons instead of releasing the secondary photons. Hence, the reflectivity of the Al-Cr coating might be reduced. The prepared samples and performed experiments confirmed this assumption. According to the measurement results, the chromium appears to be an acceptable additional admixture to provide a further reflectivity reduction in the previously studied promising Al-N coating.

关键词： stray light optical engineering stray-light-absorptive coating low reflectivity material

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Exposure of Restore-L Camera optical Elements to a Simulated Orbital Radiation Environment 20

Exposure of Restore-L Camera Optical Elements to a Simulated...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XX

作者： Miller, Kevin H. Heaney, James B. Lauenstein, Jean-Marie Brown, Stephen K. O'Connor, Kenneth M. Miller, Sharon K. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr 8800 Greenbelt Rd Greenbelt MD 20771 USA SGT KBR 7701 Greenbelt Rd Ste 400 Greenbelt MD 20770 USA NASA Glenn Res Ctr 21000 Brookpark Rd Cleveland OH 44135 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781510629028

ISBN: (纸本)9781510629028

This paper reports on the exposure of visible wavelength camera optical elements to a simulated orbital radiation environment in support of the Restore-L flight project at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Borosilicate glasses with various metal oxide dopants - S-LAL8, S-LAL18, N-SF1, and the polycarbonate material Makrolon GP were exposed to electrons and protons of varying energies. Low energy (E <= 10keV) charged particles were used primarily to assess degradation to the antireflective coatings of the optical elements. High energy (E similar to 1 MeV) charged particles were used to evaluate degradation to the bulk material. Elements of S-LAL18, N-SF1, LaK9G15, and Makrolon GP were exposed to a representative atomic oxygen rich environment. Elements of S-LAL8 and Makrolon GP were exposed to intense ultraviolet radiation. Pre- and post-exposure transmittance measurements were used to quantify the effects on the elements tested in the simulated environment over the 0.3 to 1.2 micron wavelength range. Our measurement results will be discussed in the context of their robustness to the orbital environment and the known chemical constituents of the materials tested.

关键词： Restore-L radiation anti-reflective coating transmittance atomic oxygen ultraviolet

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Macro optical system for biological application

Macro optical system for biological application

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Kawano, Y Abe, C Abe, K Hayashi, K Hatta, Y Tamura, K Olympus Amer Inc Sci Equipment Grp Melville NY 11747 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

currently, the requirement of wide field view fluorescence observation is increasing in the biological field, but the existing microscopes have difficulty in imaging lower magnification fluorescence images. It is very easy to image in higher magnification with higher resolution and brightness using existing microscopes, but it is very difficult to image in lower magnification that are also bright. We focused on two applications in which a macro lens would be useful. The first application is DNA array reading. The second application is In Vivo imaging. Both applications require wide observation areas and bright images which are needed to lower magnification and fluorescence capability. The macro lens needs to have high numerical aperture (N..) and low magnification. We also believe if the macro lens can be attached to the existing microscopes, it will be quite useful to various applications because the scientists can then observe fluorescence images from low magnification to high magnification. To fulfill these needs, we designed macro objective lenses. Listed bellows are our macro lens' unique features. 1. Specification for the macro objective lenses are 2X, N. A. 0.14 and 4X, N. A. 0.28. These N. A. is higher than the existing microscope objective lenses of equal magnifications. 2. The 4X and 2X macro lens can be attached to existing microscopes. 3. These macro lenses can be used with the video lens such as 0.5X.

关键词： macro objective lens 4X 2X fluorescence

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Measurement of lens focal length using multi-curvature analysis of Shack-Hartmann wavefront data

Measurement of lens focal length using multi-curvature analy...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering V

作者： Neal, DR Copland, J Neal, DA Topa, DM Riera, P WaveFront Sci Inc Albuquerque NM 87123 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819454613

The lens is one of the most commonly used optical elements. Yet it is sometimes difficult to make accurate effective focal length and pupil position measurements, especially for long focal length lenses. Many measurement methods rely on a mechanical measurement to determine the back focal length, or may require careful operator discrimination in determining the best focus position. Aberrations may confuse an automatic focal length measurement system. However, an accurate determination of the optical properties of a lens is often critical for building an accurate system model. We have developed a method for measurement of the focal length, pupil plane and collimation positions of positive lenses using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The SHWFS uses a micro-optic lens array to separate the incoming wavefront into a pattern of focal spots. The position of these focal spots is related to the local wavefront slope. Wavefront reconstruction allows the complete incident wavefront to be retrieved. A Zernike decomposition reconstructor is used to separate the effects of lens focal power from other aberrations. The lens under test is illuminated by a point source on a computer-controlled stage. The transmitted wavefront was recorded by the SHWFS while the source was translated over a few mm range. By analyzing the Zernike coefficient associated with defocus, we were able to extract the focal length, pupil plane and collimation positions using a least squares fitting procedure. This procedure was tested for a variety of lenses of varying focal lengths, from 10 to 1000 mm focal length, and showed excellent repeatability and accuracy. These measurements were compared to knife-edge, manufacturer's specification, and ray-tracing analysis for verification testing.

关键词： focal length wavefront sensor Shack-Hartmann Hartmann-Shack lens testing optical testing optical metrology lens testing focal length measurement lens power vergence

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design and analysis of an adaptive lens that mimics the performance of the crystalline lens in the human eye 15

Design and analysis of an adaptive lens that mimics the perf...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XV

作者： Santiago-Alvarado, Agustin Cruz-Felix, Angel S. Iturbide-Jimenez, F. Martinez-Lopez, M. Ramirez-Como, M. Armengol-Cruz, V. Vasquez-Baez, I. Mixteca Technol Univ Huajuapan De Leon 69000 Oax Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)9781628412192

Tunable lenses are optical systems that have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in such areas like ophthalmology, machine vision, microscopy and laser processing. In recent years we have been working in the analysis and performance of a liquid-filled variable focal length lens, this is a lens that can modify its focal length by changing the amount of water within it. Nowadays we extend our study to a particular adaptive lens known as solid elastic lens (SEL) that it is formed by an elastic main body made of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS Sylgard 184). In this work, we present the design, simulation and analysis of an adaptive solid elastic lens that in principle imitates the accommodation process of the crystalline lens in the human eye. For this work, we have adopted the parameters of the schematic eye model developed in 1985 by Navarro et al.;this model represents the anatomy of the eye as close as possible to reality by predicting an acceptable and accurate quantity of spherical and chromatic aberrations without any shape fitting. An opto-mechanical analysis of the accommodation process of the adaptive lens is presented, by simulating a certain amount of radial force applied onto the SEL using the finite element method with the commercial software SolidWorks (R). We also present ray-trace diagrams of the simulated compression process of the adaptive lens using the commercial software OSLO (R).

关键词： Solid elastic lens tunable lens crystalline lens PDMS

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Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam or honeycomb sandwich construction - A case study for the GLAS telescope

Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam o...

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conference on current developments in Lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Conkey, SB Lee, C Chaykovsky, S Content, D Morell, A Budinoff, J Swales Aerosp Inc Beltsville MD 20705 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

A simple closed form solution was derived for the optimum weight design of a cylindrical sandwich mirror for a given self-weight deflection and mirror radius. This optimum solution is based on the generalized deflection equation for an axisymmetrically supported thick circular plate. This two parameter equation of deflection captures the deflection of the plate caused by bending and transverse shear. The solution yields the optimum facesheet thickness, core thickness, and core density. The derived optimum solution was used in a case study for the GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) primary mirror. This Beryllium mirror is manufactured with an open back isogrid pattern. The objective of this study is to determine a lightweight mirror design using Aluminum sandwich construction that can meet the performances of the current mirror and reduce fabrication costs. With the optimum solution several first order approximations using Aluminum honeycomb or foam core were determined. The performance, 1 g deflection, and wave front error of these designs was determined from Finite Element Analysis. The results conclude that sandwich construction outperforms the isogrid design by significant margins on both weight and distortion if the same material is used. Because of its superior specific stiffness the Beryllium isogrid design still marginally outperforms the optimum Aluminum sandwich design. However, the Aluminum sandwich design should provide significant advantages on cost and ease of fabrication over Beryllium isogrid designs.

关键词： aluminum foam lightweight sandwich panel mirror optimization

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