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Implementation of time-of-flight on CPS HiRez PET scanner

Implementation of time-of-flight on CPS HiRez PET scanner

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： M. Conti B. Bendriem M. Casey Mu Chen F. Kehren C. Michel v. Panin CPS Innovations Inc. Knoxville TN USA

Time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) was studied and preliminarily developed in the 80s, but the lack of a scintillator able to deliver at the same time proper time resolution and stopping power has prevented this technique from becoming widespread and commercially available. The introduction of LSO in PET has made TOF-PET a feasible option: TOF reconstruction is being implemented in CPS HiRez PET scanner, both in Filtered-Back-Projection and OSEM3D. The measured time resolution of 1.2 ns (FWHM) allows for a signal-to-noise ratio increase of about 50% in patients of about 40 cm transaxial size. TOF reconstruction has shown the expected improvement in SNR, both in simulation and experimental data. In iterative reconstruction we observed that TOF-PET has a much faster convergence compared to conventional reconstruction and better consistency improves the SNR ratio

关键词： Positron emission tomography Time measurement Signal to noise ratio image reconstruction Detectors Event detection Technological innovation Size measurement Signal resolution Convergence

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Application of ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) algorithm to cone-beam SPECT for accelerated 3D reconstruction

Application of ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSE...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： A. Krol D.H. Feiglin W. Lee v.R. Kunniyur R.B. Salgado I.L. Coman E.D. Lipson D.A. Karczewski F.D. Thomas Department of Radiology State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse NY USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Syracause University Syracuse NY USA Division of the Natural Sciences and Public Health Dillard University New Orleans LA USA Department of Computer Science and Mathematics Ithaca College Ithaca NY USA Department of Physics Syracause University Syracuse NY USA

We investigated the performance of an ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) algorithm for accelerated reconstruction in cone-beam SPECT. SPECT scans were performed using a Defrise phantom filled with 0.9/spl mu/Ci/ml of Tc-99m and a dual-head gamma camera equipped with one cone-beam (CBC, f=70 cm) and one parallel-beam collimator (PBC). images were reconstructed using a fully-3D approach with resolution and attenuation modeling and an ordered-subsets version of a maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization algorithm (MLEM). Three grouping patterns of subsets were applied: consecutive, orthogonal, and uniform. In contrast to PBC SPECT, we observe that, in CBC SPECT, the reconstruction grouping pattern of the subsets is very important for the image quality obtained. Only when the projection data grouped into a subset were selected as uniformly as possible from all the acquired views, were the image quality and the noise in the images very close to results obtained using MLEM. However, we note that, for both CBC and PBC SPECT, the loglikelihood for a given iteration is practically the same for different grouping patterns of subsets.

关键词： Acceleration image reconstruction Telephony Radiology Biomedical imaging Collimators image quality Imaging phantoms Cameras Attenuation

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Automated detection of mismatch in paired v/Q SPECT scans using voxelwise statistical testing: validation and pilot clinical study

Automated detection of mismatch in paired V/Q SPECT scans us...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： A. Kalemis D.L. Bailey A. Sardo P. Chicco M.A. Flower R.J. Ott Joint Department of Physics Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital Sutton Surrey UK Nuclear Medicine Department Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia OIRM S. Anna Hospital Turin Italy Biomedical Engineering Department Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney Australia

v/Q (ventilation/Perfusion) tests are used to diagnose pulmonary emboli predominantly using planar images. This study presents a quantitative, objective statistical analysis of SPECT v/Q scans for the detection of ventilation-perfusion mismatch. The method is based on a voxelwise statistical assessment of the v/Q images differences. A new acquisition protocol (externally triggered gating) is introduced for acquiring multiple frames for the voxelwise variance estimation. The v/Q data sets are then tested by applying a student's t-test in a voxelwise fashion seeking areas of mismatch. The resulting probability image is finally thresholded to display the detected differences. Two different datasets were used: 72 different cases of a computerised model of pulmonary embolism with emboli of varying magnitude and in different segments, plus seven clinical cases with physicians' reports. The method was shown to be robust irrespective of the location of the mismatch for large defects but greater count densities than those used in the simulation studies are needed for the detection of smaller defects. The results from the clinical datasets agree with the clinical reports but in some cases reveal unreported abnormalities.

关键词： Statistical analysis Lungs Protocols Testing Hospitals ventilation image segmentation Australia image reconstruction Probability

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Towards Recovery of 3D Chromosome Structure

Towards Recovery of 3D Chromosome Structure

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IEEE Computer Society conference on Computer vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CvPRW)

作者： S. Babu Pao-Chuan Liao M.C. Shin L.v. Tsap Department of Computer Science UNC-Charlotte Charlotte NC USA Electronics Engineering Department Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA

The objectives of this work include automatic recovery and visualization of a 3D chromosome structure from a sequence of 2D tomographic reconstruction images taken through the nucleus of a cell. Structure is very important for biologists as it affects chromosome functions, behavior of the cell and its state. Chromosome analysis is significant in the detection of diseases and in monitoring environmental gene mutations. The algorithm incorporates thresholding based on a histogram analysis with a polyline splitting algorithm, contour extraction via active contours, and detection of the 3D chromosome structure by establishing corresponding regions throughout the slices. visualization using point cloud meshing generates a 3D surface. The 3D triangular mesh of the chromosomes provides surface detail and allows a user to interactively analyze chromosomes using visualization software.

关键词： Biological cells Cells (biology) data visualization Tomography image reconstruction Diseases Monitoring Genetic mutations Histograms Algorithm design and analysis

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Effect of normalization method on image uniformity and binding potential estimates on microPET

Effect of normalization method on image uniformity and bindi...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： M.-L. Camborde A. Rhamim D.F. Newport S. Siegel K.R. Buckley E. vandervoort T.J. Ruth v. Sossi University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada CTI Concorde MicroSystems LLC Knoxville TN USA TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada

This study investigates different detector normalization procedures for a small animal scanner, specifically the Concorde microPET/sup /spl reg// R4. The procedures were compared in terms of: (i) image uniformity, (ii) performance as a function of count rate, and (iii) impact on the estimate of the binding potential (BP) in brain rat studies. image uniformity studies were performed on two cylindrical phantoms of different size filled with an aqueous concentration of /sup 11/C (38 kBq/mL and 615 kBq/mL). BP was estimated with the Logan graphical approach on 12 /sup 11/C-Methylphenidate and 9 /sup 11/C-Dihydrotetrabenazine rat studies processed with all the normalization procedures. We found that: 1) the combination, the geometry normalized combination, the component-point, and the geometry normalized component procedures significantly improve radial image uniformity compared to the direct-point and direct-cylinder procedures, 2) the geometry normalized combination procedure seems to provide the best radial and axial uniformity, 3) a mismatch between the count rates at which the normalization and the emission scans are acquired degrades the axial uniformity by 47% to 98% whereas this effect was not observed for radial uniformity, and 4) the difference in BP values obtained from data corrected with different normalization procedures is as high as 15% for normal striatum and 75% for lesion striatum.

关键词： Detectors Positron emission tomography Geometry Animals Humans Imaging phantoms Degradation Lesions image reconstruction Frequency

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Comparison between segmented and nonsegmented attenuation correction on the HR+ tomograph

Comparison between segmented and nonsegmented attenuation co...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： T.J. Spinks H. Kindler D. Hogg A. Alaradi Z. Alghazirr Hammersmith Hospital Hammersmith Imanet Limited London UK MRC Clinical Sciences Centre Hammersmith Hospital London UK Hammersmith Imanet Limited UK University of Surrey Guildford UK

Segmentation of transmission (TR) images is implemented to improve signal noise in attenuation correction (AC) and allow shorter TR scans. This study compares (i) measurement of myocardial glucose metabolic rate (MRGlu), (ii) correction for myocardial wall thickness and (iii) measurement of lung density, by using AC derived from transmission images (a) unsegmented (US), (b) segmented (S) and (c) reconstructed with OSEM. All data were acquired on a CTI HR+ tomograph and processed with standard scanner software. Methods: TR scans were carried out on a multi-cylinder phantom containing substances of varying density and mean mu-values (cm -1 ) were derived from TR images. A multi-compartment heart phantom was constructed as a simple simulation of varying myocardial wall thickness and left ventricular volume. MRGlu, using FDG (2D mode) and blood volume (C 15 O inhalation), was measured in 11 patients with coronary heart disease, following a 20 min TR scan. Results: Good linearity was found between NS mu-values and density but there were significant discrepancies with S over the typical range of lung density, and better agreement with OSEM. Overall mean ratios of MRGlu were within 2% for the three AC methods but there was systematic individual variation about the mean. The C.v. of regional MRGlu for each patient, using US AC, was not significantly different from S and OSEM. The heart phantom data demonstrated reasonable accuracy of correction for myocardial wall thickness. Conclusions: US AC on the HR+ gives more accurate measurement of the range of density encountered in the chest and more reliable measurement of MRGlu than S and OSEM. There appears to be no "statistical penalty" in the use of US AC, noise being dominated by that in emission data

关键词： Attenuation Density measurement Myocardium image segmentation Imaging phantoms Thickness measurement Lungs Heart Sugar image reconstruction

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First results from the high-resolution mouse SPECT annular scintillation camera

First results from the high-resolution mouse SPECT annular s...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： A.L. Goertzen D.W. Jones J. Seidel K. Li M.v. Green McConnell Brain Imaging Centre Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QUE Canada NIMH SPECT Laboratory Clinical Brain Disorders Branch IRP National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda MD USA Imaging Physics Laboratory Clinical Center National Institutes of Health DHHS Bethesda MD USA

High resolution SPECT imaging in small animals is often limited by poor sensitivity, leading to prolonged imaging times, very large injected doses, or both. To increase sensitivity while maintaining spatial resolution, we designed and constructed a multi-pinhole collimator array to replace the parallel hole collimators of a Ceraspect/spl trade/ human SPECT brain scanner. The Ceraspect scanner is comprised of an annular NaI(Tl) crystal within which the eight pinhole collimators (1 mm diameter holes) rotate while projecting non-overlapping images of the object onto the stationary annular crystal. In this manner, only 1/8/sup th/ of a collimator rotation is required to acquire a complete tomographic data set. The imaging field of view (FOv) is 2.56 cm, which is sufficient to encompass a mouse. data is currently acquired in step-and-shoot mode, however the system is capable of list mode acquisition with the collimator continuously rotating. images are reconstructed using a cone-beam OSEM method. The reconstructed spatial resolution of the system is 1.7 mm and the sensitivity at the centre of the FOv is 13.8 cps/microCi. A whole-body bone scan of a mouse injected with Tc-99 m MDP clearly revealed skeletal structures such as the ribs and vertebral bodies. These preliminary results suggest that this approach is a good tradeoff between resolution and sensitivity and, with further refinement, may permit dynamic imaging in living animals.

关键词： Mice Cameras Collimators Spatial resolution image resolution High-resolution imaging Animals image reconstruction Humans Tomography

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Multi-fold GPR study of shallow structure and stratigraphy of unconsolidated sediments and rocks

Multi-fold GPR study of shallow structure and stratigraphy o...

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Proceedings of the International conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR

作者： M. Pipan E. Forte Fang Guangyou P. Karvells G. Dal Moro M. Sugan DISGAM University of Trieste Trieste Trieste Italy Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Beijing China PLE GmbH Athens Office Athens Greece

In this study we apply multi-fold (MF) techniques to imag,e and characterize layered sediments and rocks. We exploit macro-model dependent and independent imaging methods to achieve enhanced imaging. Depth converted time-domain RMS velocity maps and v-Z macro models provide further information about physical properties of the sediments and rocks and are used to characterize the sedimentary sequence and extract geological information from radar stratigraphy. Gravel and sand deposits in paleochannels are effectively identified and characterized by MF methods due to the sensitivity of such methods to velocity variations associated with porosity and water content. The velocity difference between silt loams and gravellsand deposits is an effective indicator and allows imaging of tlhe paleochannels limits as well as identification of filling deposits. velocity models obtained by different techniques (prestack depth migration velocity analysis, CRS based velocities) provide further quantitative indications on water content.

关键词： Ground penetrating radar Sediments Discrete wavelet transforms image reconstruction Testing Spectral analysis Time domain analysis data mining Geology Radar imaging

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Suppression of random coincidences during in-beam PET measurements

Suppression of random coincidences during in-beam PET measur...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： P. Crespo T. Barthel H. Frais-Kolbl E. Griesmayer K. Heidel K. Parodi J. Pawelke W. Enghardt Institute of Nuclear and Hadron Physics Forschungszentrum Rossendorf e.V. Dresden Germany Hochschule Mittweida University of Applied Sciences Mittweida Germany MedAustron and FOTEC Wien Austria

In-beam positron emission tomography (PET) is currently the only method for an in-situ monitoring of charged hadron therapy. However, in-beam PET data, measured at beams with a sub-/spl mu/s-microstructure due to the accelerator radiofrequency (RF), are highly corrupted by random coincidences arising from prompt /spl gamma/-rays following nuclear reactions as the projectiles penetrate the tissue. Therefore, since random-correction techniques from conventional PET cannot be applied, the clinical in-beam PET at the therapy facility at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt merely reconstructs events registered in the pauses (/spl sim/2-4 s) between the beam macropulses (/spl les/2 s). We have successfully tested at GSI two methods for suppressing, during beam extraction, the micropulse-induced random coincidences. image statistics increased /spl sim/90%. Both methods rely on the synchronization of the /spl gamma//spl gamma/-coincidences measured by the positron camera with the time microstructure of the beam, either by using the RF-signal from the accelerator or the signal of a thin diamond detector placed in the beam path in front of the target. Energy and triple-coincidence time correlated spectra first-measured during beam extraction, combined with the corresponding tomographic images of the /spl beta//sup +/-activity induced by the beam in a plastic phantom, clearly confirm the feasibility of the proposed random suppression methods. These methods provide the solution for applying in-beam PET at future synchrotron and even cyclotron facilities with reduced beam acceleration (delivery pause) times.

关键词： Positron emission tomography Particle beams Medical treatment Radio frequency Monitoring Nuclear measurements Particle beam measurements Projectiles image reconstruction Testing

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A general-spectral method for improved quantitative SPECT imaging of indium-111

A general-spectral method for improved quantitative SPECT im...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： S.C. Moore M.-A. Park G. El Fakhri v.H. Gerbaudo R.E. Zimmerman Harvard Medical School and the Department of Radiology Brigham Women's Hospital Boston MA USA

Improved Indium-111 SPECT imaging should lead to better dose specification in radiotherapy treatment planning; however, photon scatter and down-scatter from the 245- to the 171-kev photopeak represent significant challenges for quantitative SPECT. We have extended to /sup 111/In a general-spectral (GS) scatter-compensation method. List-mode acquisitions of a 1.6-cm-diam. sphere containing /sup 111/In were obtained with the sphere in three different locations on the major axis of a water-filled elliptical cylinder. The sphere was then removed, the phantom was injected with /sup 111/In, repositioned, and scanned repeatedly. High-count, list-mode data from separate sphere and background scans were rebinned into 10-kev windows from 100-280 kev. Attenuated projections, free of scatter and noise, were simulated for use in a least-squares procedure to optimize GS coefficients for a sphere activity-estimation task. Scattered photons in both photopeaks were estimated separately from synthetic noisy projections under different conditions of activity contrast and sphere location; projections were reconstructed with our joint, multi-energy OSEM program. The bias of sphere activity values estimated from projections was less than 7% for both photopeaks and for all contrast values ranging from 2:1 to 8:1; the bias (precision) of sphere activity estimated from OSEM reconstructions was less than 8.5% (3%) for all sphere positions. The GS compensation method is a promising approach for quantitative /sup 111/In SPECT.

关键词： Electromagnetic scattering Particle scattering Single photon emission computed tomography Imaging phantoms X-ray scattering image reconstruction Attenuation Contamination Optimization methods Collimators

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