The paper presents a general mathematical model for disperse systems in which direct interactions between particles are taken into consideration. The model is formulated in terms of transition measures, introduced on ...
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The paper presents a general mathematical model for disperse systems in which direct interactions between particles are taken into consideration. The model is formulated in terms of transition measures, introduced on the basis of conditional Markov processes. The population balance equation, describing the behaviour of interactive populations, is developed in a general form of continuous and discontinuous terms. Moment equations are presented and analysed for the axial dispersion model with interparticle exchange processes of heat and mass. The applicability of the model is illustrated by applying it for describing a process of heating particles by gas with interparticle heat transfer, and a mass exchange process between fluid particles. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Facial expressions are a key modality in human communication. Facial expressions occur simultaneously with social interaction and help in interpretation of spoken communication. The understanding of facial expressions...
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Noticing the rise in the electricity prices, worrying about the CO(2) emissions and global warming and not sure about living with nuclear Power stations, makes everyone think from where energy will come in the coming ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781861353429
Noticing the rise in the electricity prices, worrying about the CO(2) emissions and global warming and not sure about living with nuclear Power stations, makes everyone think from where energy will come in the coming years. What is needed is a zero-emission distribution generation technology or combination of technologies that allows clean, cost effective supply of energy, on demand on a large scale and in any location. In response a momentous energy revolution is taking place, renewable energy generation or decentralized power systems like wind, photovoltaic, as well as new hydrogen and fuel cells technologies are developing nowadays to take over from fossil hydrocarbons combustion. This paper proposes a model for the simulation and performance evaluation of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell generation system. Although other models [1-6] have been produced, the proposed model strength is modularizing the fundamental thermal-physical behaviour of a fuel cell stack to develop a modular block that can be used as a part of any other schematic solution required for fuel cells' study. The developed modular block (prototype) makes the model easy to modify to allow the simulation of any PEMFC with different cell parameters and allows investigation of its behaviour for any operating or design configuration. It is also useful for the study of integration of fuel cells in distribution power systems (which is promising especially to systems with variable output renewable sources as it can store their excess power thus improving the overall system stability). The proposed model exhibits most of the basic fuel cell properties and incorporates essential physical and electrochemical processes that happen along its operation, thus it can be moderated to model any other fuel cell' type. The proposed model prototype was verified and compared to another simplified model [21 by generating sample results for a Ballard V Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack. Resu
This work presents the development of a modular code for simulating the dynamic behaviour of a single-shaft gas turbine and an application to a micro-gas turbine (50 kW). The simulation package, CAMEL (R), is a modula...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9789608758421
This work presents the development of a modular code for simulating the dynamic behaviour of a single-shaft gas turbine and an application to a micro-gas turbine (50 kW). The simulation package, CAMEL (R), is a modular and object-oriented process simulator for energy conversion systems, conceived and developed in the last decade by the Authors' group at the Mechanical and Aeronautical engineering Department of the University of Roma 1 "La Sapienza";the advantages given by the object-oriented approach are the flexibility and the user-friendly interface. The component library of the original (steady-state) code has been augmented by implementing the dynamic models of all of the gas turbine components: the method is still based on a classical black-box modelling and each component can be assembled as in an engineering scheme process in which the connections between two elements represent either a mechanical power coupling or a working fluid stream. In order to obtain an accurate description of the gas turbine phenomenology, the components are described by a set of both linear and non-linear first-order differential- and algebraic equations. The global non-linear system is solved by means of a 4(th) order Runge-Kutta method. The paper provides a description of the mathematical model adopted for the simulation. A complete dynamic simulation of the plant is performed, starting from steady state operation. Both time variable and fixed rotational speed are considered. Three different time-profiles for the rate of variation of the fuel supply have been examined: a pulse, a heavyside-like tooth-wave and a linear slope. All computed behaviours of the main process parameters have been reported, commented on and justified. The program has been tested both in a steady-state off-design simulation and in a fully dynamic simulation. In all tests the code performed properly, reproducing with good accuracy the behaviour of the real gas turbine.
The surveillance application aims at improving the quality of technology via modellinghuman expert behaviour in the coking plant Mittal Steel Ostrava, the Czech Republic. Video data on several industrial processes ar...
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This paper deals with the implementation of a new approach that aims to improve the performance of High Performance Computing (HPC) centers through an agent based virtual interface that models the user behaviour and s...
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Traditionally, the Conceptual modelling (CM) community has been interested in defining methods to model Information Systems by specifying their data and behaviour, disregarding user interaction. On the other hand, the...
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River flows in transitional regions, between inland surface waters and coastal waters, suffer the effects of downstream boundary tides that may enhance several river events or phenomena like floods and erosions among ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408156
River flows in transitional regions, between inland surface waters and coastal waters, suffer the effects of downstream boundary tides that may enhance several river events or phenomena like floods and erosions among others. The purpose of this paper is to present the study carried out to analyse the influence of tides in the river suberitical flows. So, based on the complete 1-D Saint-Venant equations and using the implicit Preissmann finite-difference method, a mathematical model was developed to simulate one-dimensional unsteady flows in rivers, with irregular and variable cross-sections. The model was applied to the Sado river, more precisely, to a reach of this Portuguese river, right upstream Alcacer do Sal city, in which the fluvial flows are influenced by the tide and during flood events has caused important damage, either human or material. Discharge rating functions on the last section of the river reach were analysed and are described. The correlations between some of the rating functions and the results of the model are quite good. The contributions to the friction slope value of each one of its dynamic components in the last downstream spatial step are also presented.
A better characterisation of skeletal muscle is required to improve the accuracy of human body models used for virtual modelling. In this study, the quasi-static and dynamic properties of porcine muscle tissue have be...
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ISBN:
(纸本)2951421079
A better characterisation of skeletal muscle is required to improve the accuracy of human body models used for virtual modelling. In this study, the quasi-static and dynamic properties of porcine muscle tissue have been investigated using uniaxial unconfined compression tests performed on samples oriented at various angles from the muscle fibre direction. Quasi-static tests show that the weakest direction is at 45° from the fibre direction. A model based on linear elasticity for transversely isotropic bodies extended with strain dependent Young's moduli fits the quasi-static data very well. Results from the dynamic tests show that muscle tissue presents anisotropic viscoelastic behaviour.
This paper is concerned with the modelling of gear rattle in Roots blower vacuum pumps. Analysis of experimental data reveals that the source of the noise and vibration problem is the backlash nonlinearity due to gear...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0878494189
This paper is concerned with the modelling of gear rattle in Roots blower vacuum pumps. Analysis of experimental data reveals that the source of the noise and vibration problem is the backlash nonlinearity due to gear teeth losing and re-establishing contact. We develop nonsmooth ordinary differential equation models for the dynamics of the pump. The models include a time-dependent forcing term which arises from the imperfect, eccentric mounting of the gears. We use a combination of explicit construction, asymptotic methods and numerical techniques to classify complicated dynamic behaviour in realistic parametric regimes. We first present a linear analysis of motions where the gears do not lose contact, and develop upper bounds on eccentricity for quiet operation. We then develop a nonlinear analysis of 'backlash oscillations', where the gears lose and re-establish contact, corresponding to noisy pump operation. It is found that noisy solutions can coexist with silent ones, explaining why geared systems can rattle intermittently. We then consider several possible design solutions, and show their implications for pump design in terms of the existence and stability of silent and noisy solutions. Finally, we present conclusions and possibilities for future work.
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