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Explainable AI in thermal modelling enhancing precision in thermal gradient monitoring for additive manufacturing using LSTM networks

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THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2025年 60卷

作者： Kiran, Ajmeera Kumar, Harish Sivanandam, S. Senthilvel, P. Gururama Lalitha, R. V. S. Reddy, C. S. Preetham MLR Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Hyderabad 500043 India King Khalid Univ Coll Comp Sci Dept Comp Sci Abha Saudi Arabia Saveetha Engn Coll Dept Biomed Engn Chennai Tamil Nadu India Saveetha Univ Saveetha Inst Med & Tech Sci SIMATS Saveetha Sch Engn Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 602105 India Aditya Univ Dept CSE Surampalem India K L Deemed Univ Dept Elect & Commun Engn Guntur 522302 India

The paper introduces an unprecedented technique for enhancing the measurement accuracy of thermal gradients in additive manufacturing by applying Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) combined with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Temperature control during fabricating of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites remains fundamental since it dictates the resulting material properties, structural integrity, and layer bonding. Our LSTM model predicts temperature changes during printing operations, providing stable manufacturing processes by reducing common defects, including warping deformation delamination and inconsistent curing. The framework now includes Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) techniques to analyse crucial elements affecting temperature distribution. The thermal model shows 0.183 degrees C MAE and 0.224 degrees C RMSE values, delivering 46.5 % better precision than previous thermal modelling approaches. Evaluation tests report system adjustments to take place after 86 ms during thermal perturbations and reach full stabilisation by 2.3 s. Its 97.3 % prediction accuracy rate and decision consistency make it dependable for optimal temperature processing control. The research creates a connection between automated thermal modelling and manufacturing through additive technology which leads to better process management together with material efficiency as well as environmentally responsible creation of polymer parts. The introduced framework shows great promise for use in the aerospace, automotive and biomedical sectors of additive manufacturing, which demand accurate thermal control.

关键词： Explainable AI (XAI) Thermal Gradient monitoring Additive Manufacturing LSTM Networks 3D Printing Process Optimization SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) Thermal Stability in polymer Fabrication

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Thermal effect in CFRP machining: Temperature field characteristics, heat generation mechanism and thermal damage management

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COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 2025年 356卷

作者： Ge, Jia Fu, Guoyu Almeida Jr, Jose Humberto S. Jin, Yan Sun, Dan Queens Univ Belfast Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn Belfast BT9 5AH North Ireland Tianjin Univ Key Lab Mech Theory & Equipment Design Minist Educ Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China LUT Univ Dept Mech Engn Lappeenranta Finland

Machining of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is critical for high-end applications (e.g. aerospace, automobile, medical, among others) to achieve rapid parts assembly whilst meeting stringent geometric tolerances. Despite the excellent lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties of CFRPs, their polymeric matrix is highly thermally-sensitive and the machining-induced high temperature often causes thermal-related damages (such as delamination, burr and microstructural damage), compromising the quality and reliability of machined CFRP parts. This paper provides a timely and comprehensive review of CFRP machining from a thermal perspective, filling a critical knowledge gap. Specifically, it provides a state-of-the-art overview of advanced temperature measurement techniques, temperature field characteristics, heat generation/conduction mechanisms and their modelling, and associated thermal damage formation mechanisms. Additionally, effective thermal management strategies (i.e. cutting tool design, use of coolant, parameter optimisation and novel machining techniques) are also summarised to offer practical insights and industrially relevant solutions for the composites manufacturing community. This review aims to guide and inspire further research and development in CFRP machining, particularly for temperature monitoring and control to enhance machining quality and performance.

关键词： Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) Machining Thermal effect Temperature field Surface damage

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Virtual Sensors and Thermal modelling for Quality control in Industrial Thermal Spraying 6

Virtual Sensors and Thermal Modelling for Quality Control in...

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6th International conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing, ISM 2024

作者： Rannetbauer, Wolfgang Hambrock, Carina Hubmer, Simon Ramlau, Ronny Voestalpine Stahl GmbH voestalpine-Straße 3 LinzA-4020 Austria Johann Radon Institute Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 LinzA-4040 Austria Johannes Kepler University Linz Institute of Industrial Mathematics Altenbergerstraße 69 LinzA-4040 Austria

Thermal spray coatings are a well-known method for refurbishing industrial components. While significantly improving the surface properties of such equipment and constituting a key technology in sustainable production, this process can expose operators to hazardous conditions or result in inconsistent material properties due to manual intervention and inadequate thermal control. This paper proposes integrating virtual sensors and advanced thermal modelling to enhance precision and quality control in industrial thermal spray processes. Two critical challenges - accurate coating thickness measurement and optimal temperature control - are addressed by developing a virtual sensor for real-time coating thickness monitoring and a thermal model for predicting internal component temperatures. The coating thickness sensor reduces manual checks, minimizing operator exposure to hazards, while the thermal model, leveraging Fourier's heat equation, controls the component's core temperature to stay within desired limits. Validation through small-scale experiments and pyrometer data from a real coating process demonstrate the efficiency of this approach. A Principal Component Regression model involving 13 principal components achieved a root mean squared error of 3.6276 on test samples, highlighting its ability to predict coating thickness. Furthermore, the thermal model closely matched the measured temperatures, accurately reflecting the heat transfer dynamics during the process. These findings underscore the potential of such methods to enhance coating quality and consistency in thermal spray processes. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Sprayed coatings

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5th International conference on Innovative Product Design and Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, ICIPDIMS 2023

5th International Conference on Innovative Product Design an...

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5th International conference on Innovative Product Design and Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, ICIPDIMS 2023

ISBN: (纸本)9789819767311

The proceedings contain 57 papers. The special focus in this conference is on Innovative Product Design and Intelligent Manufacturing Systems. The topics include: Development of an Intuitive Autonomous Ground Robot for Indoor Delivery Applications;development of a Computer-Assisted Vision-Based Inspection monitoring System for Quality Assurance;analysis of Challenges of IoT Adoption for Smart City Application;finite Element modelling and Comparative Assessment of Single-Level Cervical Disc Replacement with Fusion Surgery;a Statistical Method-Based Auto-Fitted Genetic Algorithm for Damage Diagnosis;emovere Agnitio by Textual Tweets Using Machine Learning;government Bidding Security Management System Using Blockchain;resource Forecasting of Geographical Area Using Big Data Analytics;design Optimization and Aerothermodynamic Analysis Over a Supersonic Vehicle;Evaluation of Weldability and Optimization of TIG Welding Process Parameters for Maximized Yield Strength;terahertz-Frequency Propagation for Autonomous Transport Infrastructure;energy-Efficient Coffee Pulper;community Perception on Groundwater Quality Versus Analytical Quality in the Coastal Areas of Visakhapatnam, India—Opinion Versus Actuality;simulation Modeling and Analysis for Supply Chain Disruptions: A Case Study from a Process Industry in Kerala;integrating Hand Gesture Tracking with Physical and Digital Twins of Robotic Arm;performance Enhancement of Pump Parameters Through Innovative Spring Design of Mechanical Seal for a Heat Exchanger;enhancing Biocompatibility and Performance of Multi-directionally Expanding Materials for Dental Applications: Design and Analysis;synthesis of Hybrid Nanofluids, properties, and Its Applications—A Comprehensive Review;application of Hybrid Decision-Making Method in Ranking polymer Biomaterials for Interim Dental Crowns;Analysis on Mechanical properties of Aluminium MMC with Graphite and Boron Nitride Powder;textile Crafts of Bharat.

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MODELING OF THE INTERPHASE IN polymer-MATRIX COMPOSITE-MATERIAL SYSTEMS

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COMPOSITES 1994年第7期25卷 461-469页

作者： REIFSNIDER, KL Materials Response Group at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA

The interphase, or transition region between fibre and matrix in composite material systems, is known to play an essential role in the performance of composite components. In fact, it has recently been discovered that the interaction and cooperative action of the constituents in the system control the durability of such systems, in stark contrast to other behaviour characteristics such as stiffness and quasi-static (or 'instantaneous') properties wherein the constituents contribute to the properties, essentially, in proportion to their presence. Hence, this 'systems effect' has become the focus of much attention, and the object of modelling efforts. However, modelling the interphase with properly set boundary value problems is a considerable challenge, especially because the properties in these transition regions are often a function of spatial position, i.e., they are non-uniform as a function of position. The author has constructed models of the interphase region which admit this non-uniformity, and has achieved solutions to several classes of these problems. The present paper will describe the general problem of the 'systems effect', discuss the practical issues of how the interface enters micromechanical models of strength and durability, and present models for the interphase region that include the variability of material properties in those transition regions. Special attention will be given to the contrasts between these considerations and the rule-of-mixtures concepts that currently pervade the field, and to the importance of these differences to the practical opportunities offered by the ability to properly model and 'design' interphase regions in polymer-matrix composites.

关键词： INTERPHASE polymer-MATRIX COMPOSITES CONTINUOUS FIBERS MICROMECHANICAL MODELING TENSILE STRENGTH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR REMAINING STRENGTH LIFE PREDICTION

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modelling polymer Particle Deformation on Mineral Surfaces - Part I: Validation of Initial Concepts

Modelling Polymer Particle Deformation on Mineral Surfaces -...

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conference on modelling, monitoring and control of polymer properties

作者： Araujo, Odair Brauge, Laurent Findlay, Andrew D. Ciba Specialites Chim F-60772 Ribecourt France

A simple model based on elastic and attraction forces is proposed to describe the spreading of a cross-linked polymer particle on one or two surfaces. The model considers the internal elastic forces between the knots of reticulation and the external attraction forces between the particle and the mineral surface. The deformation and therefore the final shape of the particle is a resultant of the applied forces. The model is validated by fitting with experimental data of latex spreading on mineral surfaces, and the next steps towards using this knowledge to help design new particle structures and morphology are outlined.

关键词： deformation mineral particle polymer surfaces young modulus

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Mathematical modelling and control of chemical composition distribution of ethylene/α-olefin copolymers made with single and combined metallocene catalysts

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polymer REACTION ENGINEERING 2000年第3期8卷 241-270页

作者： Soares, JBP Beigzadeh, D Duever, TA da Silva, AA Univ Waterloo Dept Chem Engn Polymer Res Inst Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada OPP Petroquim SA Triunfo RS Brazil

The single-site nature of metallocene catalysts permits the production of polyolefins with narrow distributions of molecular weight, chemical composition and comonomer sequence length. This enhanced control over polymer chain microstructure permits, in principle, the synthesis of polyolefins with well-controlled properties. In order to benefit from this enhanced control, one needs to understand how polymerization conditions and catalyst type affect polymer microstructure, as well as how the existing characterization techniques can be used to determine their microstructure. This manuscript investigates the effect of polymerization conditions and catalyst type on the chemical composition distribution (CCD) of ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers made with single-site and Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Mathematical models will be used to describe CCD of polyolefins made on single- and multiple-site-type catalysts. Crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF) and temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) are used to measure the CCD of these resins. It will be shown that the interpretation of CCDs with these mathematical models can be used to enhance our understanding on the nature of active sites present in metallocene and Ziegler-Natta catalysts.

关键词： Copolymers

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Neural modelling of polypropylene fibre processing: Predicting the structure and properties and identifying the control parameters for specified fibres

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2001年第13期36卷 3113-3118页

作者： Allan, G Yang, R Fotheringham, A Mather, R Heriot Watt Univ Sch Text Galashiels TD1 3HF Scotland

This paper describes the application of artificial intelligence to data derived from polypropylene drawing carried out at Galashiels using designed experiments. The topology of the data is visualised in two dimensions with respect to specific properties to be modelled, as a quality check on the process data. A series of neural network models are used successfully to predict the tenacity, elongation, modulus and heat shrinkage and also the crystallographic order and polymer chains orientation of the output fibres from the draw parameters values. A software harness is constructed for using the neural predictors to find the draw parameters which come closest to achieving any specified combination of fibre properties. (C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

关键词： Polypropylenes

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Review of fire structural modelling of polymer composites

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COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING 2009年第12期40卷 1800-1814页

作者： Mouritz, A. P. Feih, S. Kandare, E. Mathys, Z. Gibson, A. G. Des Jardin, P. E. Case, S. W. Lattimer, B. Y. RMIT Univ Sch Aerosp Mech & Mfg Engn Melbourne Vic 3001 Australia Def Sci & Technol Org Melbourne Vic 3001 Australia Newcastle Univ Ctr Composite Mat Engn Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU Tyne & Wear England SUNY Buffalo Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn Buffalo NY 14260 USA Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Dept Engn Sci & Mech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Dept Mech Engn Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

This paper presents a critical review of research progress in modelling the structural response of polymer matrix composites exposed to fire. Models for analysing the thermal, chemical, physical, and failure processes that control the structural responses of laminates and sandwich composite materials in fire are reviewed. Models for calculating the residual structural properties of composites following fire are also described. Progress towards validation of the models by experimental characterisation of the structural properties of composites during and following fire is assessed. Deficiencies in the fire structural models are identified in the paper, which provide the focus for future research in the field. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： polymer matrix compositesl Thermomechanical Mechanical properties Analytical modelling Fire

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Soft Sensing of Melt Temperature in polymer Extrusion

Soft Sensing of Melt Temperature in Polymer Extrusion

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European control conference (ECC)

作者： Abeykoon, Chamil Univ Manchester Fac Engn & Phys Sci Oxford Rd Oxford M13 9PL England

ISBN: (纸本)9781509025916

Precise monitoring techniques are invaluable to any process for diagnosing its operational health, safety concerns and also for achieving good process control. In polymer extrusion, it is quite difficult to visually observe the melt inside barrel during the process operation and hence the level of control of the process operational quality is highly dependent upon the process monitoring techniques. Currently, a number of physical sensing devices are widely available in industry for monitoring of parameters such as melt temperature, melt pressure, screw speed and so forth. However, there are some limitations to use physical sensors in process measurements due to several constraints such as their access requirements, disruptive effects on the melt flow, fragility, complexity, etc. Thus, the application of soft sensing techniques should be highly useful for improved process monitoring and hence for advanced process control. In this work, a general discussion is made on the soft sensors and soft sensing applications in polymer extrusion. Then, a soft sensor concept is proposed for the die melt temperature profile prediction in polymer extrusion. The simulation results showed that the proposed technique can predict the temperature profile across the melt flow in real-time with good accuracy. Eventually, the importance of developing of such soft sensing techniques is discussed while providing some of the possible directions for future research.

关键词： polymer extrusion Process monitoring Infrared sensor Soft sensor Melt temperature profile modelling

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