Two-dimensional materials are widely studied due to its unique physical, optical, electrical properties, and good compatibility with various synthesis methods. And among the many fabrication methods, tin disulfide (Sn...
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Two-dimensional materials are widely studied due to its unique physical, optical, electrical properties, and good compatibility with various synthesis methods. And among the many fabrication methods, tin disulfide (SnS2) material, a two-dimensional (2D) material that can be achieved with accurate thickness control using atomic layer deposition (ALD), high uniformity and conformality even at low process temperatures is attracting attention. However, since the crystallinity of the thin film is low at a low process temperature, various post-annealing methods are being studied to compensate for film quality. In this work, we compared the crystal structures, chemical binding energies, and electrical properties of the thin films by post-annealing SnS2 thin films according to the hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 4.00% and 99.99% in the hydrogen sulfide atmospheres. The crystallinity, grain size, and carrier concentrations of the SnS2 thin film were the highest at a post-annealing temperature of 350 degrees C at a hydrogen sulfide concentration of 99.99%, and the chemical binding energies also corresponded with the standard Sn4+ states, forming a pure 2D-hexagonal SnS2 phase. In addition, SnS2 thin films deposited via ALD showed high uniformity and conformality in large-scale wafers and trench structure wafers.
Most processes in chemical technologies are performed on non-transparent equipment (metal, opaque plastic, thermally insulated equipment). This prevents visual monitoring of the process in progress and, in certain cas...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350352481;9798350352474
Most processes in chemical technologies are performed on non-transparent equipment (metal, opaque plastic, thermally insulated equipment). This prevents visual monitoring of the process in progress and, in certain cases, necessitates the installation of costly and sophisticated optical sensors in the machinery in order to enable the automation governing the process to make the required decisions. At the same time, most of these changes can be detected by indirect signs using sensors already installed in the system, which makes it possible to simplify and reduce the cost of parameter monitoring methods. One of these methods can be the use of data received from a monitor of electrical network parameters. In some cases, changes in the value of consumed currents, active and apparent power can be clearly associated with the processes occurring in the "black box", and after proper calibration, serve as reliable criteria for making certain decisions.
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is an advanced oxidation process for degrading micropollutants, primarily driven by hydroxyl radicals (OH center dot). This study addresses the research gap by characterizing HC under high...
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Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is an advanced oxidation process for degrading micropollutants, primarily driven by hydroxyl radicals (OH center dot). This study addresses the research gap by characterizing HC under high upstream pressures (up to 60 bar) and integrating chemical, optical, and simulation approaches for a comprehensive characterization of HC processes. OH radical production was quantified with salicylic acid, and bisphenol A (BPA) degradation experiments validated their role in oxidation reactions. opticalmethods captured cavitation jet and luminol chemiluminescent images, while simulations estimated vapor bubble formation and cavitation gas fractions. This research focuses on the high-pressure range of 10 to 60 bar in HC systems, demonstrating a proportional relationship between pressure and both the production rate of OH radical and the rate constants of BPA degradation. At 60 bar, the highest concentration of OH radicals and BPA degradation rate were observed. This research enhances the understanding of HC and its potential for optimized pollution control.
Ethylene is a primary plant hormone associated with the ripening process of fruits. Ethylene can initiate the ripening process in fruits even at sub-parts per million concentrations. Therefore, ethylene monitoring dur...
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Ethylene is a primary plant hormone associated with the ripening process of fruits. Ethylene can initiate the ripening process in fruits even at sub-parts per million concentrations. Therefore, ethylene monitoring during fruit transport and storage is very important in order to ensure optimum quality control and shelf-life extension. However, due to small molecular size, non-polar and highly stable nature of ethylene, the development of ethylene detectors on trace level concentration always remains a challenge. The ubiquitous interference of water molecule to various types of ethylene gas-sensing technologies require efforts to design and utilize effective and durable moisture filters for accurate ethylene gas detection. This work compares various ethylene detection methods for laboratory use as well as portable devices for field applications. Particularly, three methods have shown the most encouraging results in ethylene detection and are used to manufacture portable devices for fruit supply chains: electrochemical, gas chromatography and optical detection. New chemical and physical sensors for ethylene detection and quantification have been compared with scientific literature based on comparable parameters. The parameters specifically focus on the needs of horticulture industry like sensitivity, selectivity, price, robustness and inexpensiveness. This study shall assist the fruit logistics in better selection of ethylene sensing technologies in the fruit supply chain, resulting in better fruit quality and reduced losses after harvest.
In recent years, the dehydration of the coal chemical industry plays an indispensable role in the production process of coal chemical industry. In order to further predict its application range in coal chemical equipm...
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Until now, automation in nanomaterial research has been largely focused on the automated synthesis of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) including the screening of synthesis parameters and the automation of characterizati...
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Until now, automation in nanomaterial research has been largely focused on the automated synthesis of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) including the screening of synthesis parameters and the automation of characterization methods such as electron microscopy. Despite the rapidly increasing number of NP samples analyzed due to increasing requirements on NP quality control, increasing safety concerns, and regulatory requirements, automation has not yet been introduced into workflows of analytical methods utilized for screening, monitoring, and quantifying functional groups (FGs) on NPs. To address this gap, we studied the potential of simple automation tools for the quantification of amino surface groups on different types of aminated NPs, varying in size, chemical composition, and optical properties, with the exemplarily chosen sensitive optical fluorescamine (Fluram) assay. This broadly applied, but reportedly error-prone assay, which utilizes a chromogenic reporter, involves multiple pipetting and dilution steps and photometric or fluorometric detection. In this study, we compared the influence of automated and manual pipetting on the results of this assay, which was automatically read out with a microplate reader. Special emphasis was dedicated to parameters like accuracy, consistency, achievable uncertainties, and speed of analysis and to possible interferences from the NPs. Our results highlight the advantages of automated surface FG quantification and the huge potential of automation for nanotechnology. In the future, this will facilitate process and quality control of NP fabrication, surface modification, and stability monitoring and help to produce large data sets for nanomaterial grouping approaches for sustainable and safe-by-design, performance, and risk assessment studies.
It is crucial to predict hard failure in photolithography process to determine design rules and process condition in the product development stage. Accurate prediction of hard failures through simulation have powerful...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781510672130;9781510672123
It is crucial to predict hard failure in photolithography process to determine design rules and process condition in the product development stage. Accurate prediction of hard failures through simulation have powerful effects such as shortening the product development period and improving mass production yield. Previously, parameters used to determine whether a pattern is expected to fail include NILS (Normalized Image Log-Slope), image contrast, or chemical distribution in the photoresist. However, these methods are almost infeasible because the accuracy becomes low as process condition changes and calibration process of chemical distribution is too complicated. In this paper, a novel method using optical parameters and machine learning is proposed to predict hard failures of ADI (After Development Inspection) patterns, and this methodology was evaluated in the process of applying inorganic photoresist.
The article describes modern methods for controlling and optimizing the energy mode of melting in electric arc furnaces and units for out-of-furnace steel processing using optical emission spectroscopy systems. These ...
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The article describes modern methods for controlling and optimizing the energy mode of melting in electric arc furnaces and units for out-of-furnace steel processing using optical emission spectroscopy systems. These systems enable the determination of melt and slag temperatures, plasma temperatures in the arc combustion area, and slag composition, as well as the analysis of emission intensity from the melt and slag surfaces. The analysis revealed that depending on the range of steel to be smelted and the peculiarities of smelting technology at a particular electric arc steel-making furnace, control systems for smelting monitoring can be developed according to the obtained indicators of one or a combination of the abovementioned parameters.
The influence of synthesis methodologies on the photothermal catalytic efficacy of brownmillerite Ca2Fe2O5 in the photo-assisted chemical looping reforming with water splitting (CLRWS) was delineated in this study. Co...
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The influence of synthesis methodologies on the photothermal catalytic efficacy of brownmillerite Ca2Fe2O5 in the photo-assisted chemical looping reforming with water splitting (CLRWS) was delineated in this study. Combined with the synthesis methods' effects on the crystal structure, surface morphology, thermochemical and optical properties of samples, the probable reinforcement mechanism of introducing light into the CLRWS process was elucidated. It was demonstrated that the incorporation of light in CLRWS substantially boosted H2 production, with a striking enhancement from 0.56 mmol center dot gOC-1 in thermal catalysis to 3.35 mmol center dot gOC conditions for mechanochemically synthesized Ca2Fe2O5. Comparative analysis of sol-gel (SG-CFO), coprecipitation (CP-CFO), and mechanochemical (MC-CFO) methods revealed that phase purity and grain size were critical factors of lattice oxygen activity and the bandgap energy and electron-hole recombination rate in photothermal catalysis. SG-CFO exhibited superior phase purity, crystallinity and effective electron-hole pair separation, achieving an 84.2 % fuel conversion and a 6.8 mmol center dot gOC-1 hydrogen yield at 800 degrees C with light, eclipsing the 65.6 % and 5.05 mmol center dot gOC-1 yields recorded at 850 degrees C in the absence of light. Moreover, under light conditions, the H2 production of MC-CFO was 5.98 times greater than that under dark conditions, primarily due to its small grain size and high charge separation efficiency. The CP-CFO demonstrated the narrowest band gap (1.86 eV) coupled with a wider spectral absorption range relatively, resulting in the most pronounced photothermal effect. This research underscored the imperative of judicious synthesis method selection in the quest for highperformance photothermal catalysts for sustainable H2 generation.
As the demand for electromagnetic field space exploration missions increases, the requirements for the magnetic cleanliness of the entire spacecraft become increasingly stringent. This paper takes the ultra-high magne...
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