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Towards Designing an optical-Flow Based Colonoscopy Tracking Algorithm: A Comparative Study

Towards Designing an Optical-Flow Based Colonoscopy Tracking...

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conference on Medical Imaging - Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and modeling

作者： Liu, Jianfei Subramanian, Kalpathi R. Yoo, Terry S. NIH Imaging Biomarkers & Comp Aided Diag Lab Ctr Clin Bethesda MD 20892 USA Univ N Carolina Charlotte NC 28223 USA Natl Inst Hlth Natl Lib Med Off High Performance Comp & Commun Bethesda MD 20892 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819494450

Automatic co-alignment of optical and virtual colonoscopy images can supplement traditional endoscopic procedures, by providing more complete information of clinical value to the gastroenterologist. In this work, we present a comparative analysis of our optical flow based technique for colonoscopy tracking, in relation to current state of the art methods, in terms of tracking accuracy, system stability, and computational efficiency. Our optical-flow based colonoscopy tracking algorithm starts with computing multi-scale dense and sparse optical flow fields to measure image displacements. Camera motion parameters are then determined from optical flow fields by employing a Focus of Expansion (FOE) constrained egomotion estimation scheme. We analyze the design choices involved in the three major components of our algorithm: dense optical flow, sparse optical flow, and egomotion estimation. Brox's optical flow method,1 due to its high accuracy, was used to compare and evaluate our multi-scale dense optical flow scheme. SIFT6 and Harris-affine features(7) were used to assess the accuracy of the multi-scale sparse optical flow, because of their wide use in tracking applications;the FOE-constrained egomotion estimation was compared with collinear,2 image deformationl and image derivative(4) based egomotion estimation methods, to understand the stability of our tracking system. Two virtual colonoscopy (VC) image sequences were used in the study, since the exact camera parameters(for each frame) were known;dense optical flow results indicated that Brox's method was superior to multi-scale dense optical flow in estimating camera rotational velocities, but the final tracking errors were comparable, viz., 6mm vs. 8mm after the VC camera traveled 110mm. Our approach was computationally more efficient, averaging 7.2 sec. vs. 38 sec. per frame. SIFT and Harris affine features resulted in tracking errors of up to 70mm, while our sparse optical flow error was 6mm. The comparison amon

关键词： Colonoscopy Tracking optical Flow Egomotion Estimation

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Analysis of single-mode efficiency of electrically pumped VECSELs

Analysis of single-mode efficiency of electrically pumped VE...

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conference on Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VECSELs) III

作者： Schwarz, Thomas Berens, Michael Gronenborn, Stephan Kolb, Johanna Loosen, Peter Miller, Michael Moench, Holger Wester, Rolf Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Chair Opt Syst Technol Steinbachstr 15 D-52074 Aachen Germany Philips Technol GmbH Photon Aachen D-52074 Aachen Germany Fraunhofer Inst Lasertech ILT D-52074 Aachen Germany Philips Technol GmbH ULM Photon D-89081 Ulm Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819493750

We present a model and results of simulations and experiments investigating the L-I characteristics of electrically pumped (EP-) VECSELs in the single- and multi-mode regime. In our model we use a mode expansion ansatz to treat the electromagnetic field inside the VECSEL cavity. The eigenmodes of the passive cavity are computed using the bidirectional beam propagation method (BDBPM) to solve the Helmholtz equation. The BDBPM allows us to account for the complex refractive index distribution within the semiconductor heterostucture, composed of approximately thousand interfaces along the optical axis in addition to lateral refractive index variations in oxide-confined devices as well as the macroscopic external cavity. We simulate the time evolution of the modal powers of several transverse modes and the spatial distribution of the inversion carriers in the quantum well plane. Therefore we solve an differential equation system composed of multimode rate equations and the carrier diffusion equation. With this ansatz we are able to identify cavity geometries suitable for single-mode operation assuming typical current profiles that are taken from photoluminescence measurements of the devices under investigation. Furthermore, we identify effects limiting the single-mode efficiency, such as poor gain and mode matching, reabsorption in unpumped regions of the quantum wells or enhanced carrier losses due to strong spatial hole burning. Critical parameters of the equations, such as optical losses, injection effciency, carrier recombination constants and gain parameters are obtained from experiments, microscopic models and literature. The simulation results are compared to experimental results from EP-VECSELs from Philips Technologie GmbH U-L-M photonics

关键词： Quantum wells Oxides Mirrors optical simulations Photons Instrument modeling Absorption Refractive index Semiconductors Semiconductor lasers

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modeling, Design, and Fabrication of Ultra-high Bandwidth 3D Glass photonics (3DGP) in Glass Interposers

Modeling, Design, and Fabrication of Ultra-high Bandwidth 3D...

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IEEE Electronic Components and Technology conference

作者： Bruce C. Chou Yoichiro Sato Vijay Sukumaran Jibin Sun Venky Sundaram Gee-Kung Chang Rao Tummala 3D Systems Packaging Research Center 813 Ferst Drive NW Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA Asahi Glass Company Tokyo Japan TE Connectivity USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479902330

This paper presents, for the first time, the 3D Glass photonics (3DGP) technology being developed by Georgia Tech, based on ultra-thin 3D glass interposer [1]. The 3DGP system integrates both optical and electrical interconnects in the same glass substrate using photo-sensitive polymer core, and polymer cladding within an ultra-thin glass substrate. The 3DGP processes are demonstrated using 180 & 100 um thick glass substrates with 30 um diameter via and 8 um wide waveguide structures. The optical vias are used as mode transformer and high-tolerance coupler between fibers and chips. Finite-difference analysis is performed to determine the alignment tolerances of such vias.

关键词： 3D 3DGP Fabrication

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Comprehensive modeling and Simulation of Micro-optical Subsystems

Comprehensive Modeling and Simulation of Micro-optical Subsy...

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conference on optical systems Design

作者： Sieber, I. Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Appl Comp Sci D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819493019

Designing optical subsystems not only requires consideration of the optical properties of the optical components but also examination of the properties of the mechanical subsystem structures such as e.g., alignment or mounting structures. This is essential since most optical subsystems extend over three dimensions and are realized in modular setups, where the optical components are mounted and adjusted by means of mechanical structures. Hence, the contour accuracy of these structures is crucial for the adjusted alignment of the optical components and therefore for the system's performance. The contour accuracy depends on both the fabrication processes and the operational conditions of the optical subsystem. This leads to our concept of comprehensive modeling and simulation where not only optical properties are to be simulated but as well the influences of the mechanical system structures on the optical performance.

关键词： modeling simulation free-form optics

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High precision geometrical characterization and alignment of miniaturized optics

High precision geometrical characterization and alignment of...

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conference on Advanced Fabrication Technologies for Micro/Nano optics and photonics V

作者： Langehanenberg, Patrik Heinisch, Josef Dumitrescu, Eugen Trioptics GmbH D-22880 Wedel Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819488923

Miniaturized optical systems like endoscopy or cell phone lenses systems comprise several optical elements like lenses, doublets and plane optics. To receive a good imaging quality the distances and angles between the different optical elements have to be as accurate as possible. In the first step we will describe how the distances and angles between different elements can be monitored and finally we will describe a technique to actively align small optics (diameter approx. 1mm and smaller) with respect to each other. For the measurement electronic autocollimators combined with white-light-interferometers are used. The electronic autocollimator reveals the exact centration errors between optical elements and the low coherence interferometer reveals the distances between surfaces. The accuracy of the centration error measurement is in the range of 0.1 mu m and the accuracy of the distance measurement is 1 mu m. Both methods can be applied to assembled multi-element optics. That means geometrical positions of all single surfaces of the final optical system can be analysed without loss of information. Both measurement techniques complement one another. Once the exact x,y,z - Position of each optical surface and element is known computer controlled actuators will be used to improve the alignment of the optics. For this purpose we use piezo-electric-actuators. This method had been applied to cement e.g. doublets for endoscope optics. In this case the optical axis of one lens has been aligned with respect to the optical axis of a second reference lens. Traditional techniques usually rely on an uncertain mechanical reference.

关键词： centration assembly of optics autocollimator thickness measurement low coherent interferometry

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Bandwidth Measurement of Multimode Fibers Using Bit Error Rate Testing

Bandwidth Measurement of Multimode Fibers Using Bit Error Ra...

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Asia Communications and photonics conference (ACP)

作者： Chen, Xin Hurley, Jason Li, Ming-Jun Corning Inc Div Sci & Technol Corning NY 14831 USA

We demonstrate the measurement of multimode fiber bandwidth using bit error rate testing and the related power penalty. The measurement principle is illustrated both experimentally on actual fibers and theoretically t... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781467362740

关键词： Multimode fibers measurement principle Bandwidth system level

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Design and fabrication of advanced fiber alignment structures for field-installable fiber connectors

Design and fabrication of advanced fiber alignment structure...

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conference on Micro-optics

作者： Van Erps, Juergen Vervaeke, Michael Martinez, Alberto Sanchez Beri, Stefano Debaes, Christof Watte, Jan Thienpont, Hugo Vrije Univ Brussel Brussels Photon Team B PHOT Dept Appl Phys & Photon FirW TONA B-1050 Brussels Belgium TE Connect FO Res B-3010 Kessel Lo Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9780819491206

Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) networks have been adopted as a potential replacement of traditional electrical connections for the 'last mile' transmission of information at bandwidths over 1Gb/s. However, the success and adoption of optical access networks critically depend on the quality and reliability of connections between optical fibers. In particular a further reduction of insertion loss of field-installable connectors must be achieved without a significant increase in component cost. This requires precise alignment of fibers that can differ in terms of ellipticity, eccentricity or diameter and seems hardly achievable using today's widespread ferrule-based alignment systems. Novel low-cost structures for bare fiber alignment with outstanding positioning accuracies are strongly desired as they would allow reducing loss beyond the level achievable with ferrule-bore systems. However, the realization of such alignment system is challenging as it should provide sufficient force to position the fiber with sub-micron accuracy required in positioning the fiber. In this contribution we propose, design and prototype a bare-fiber alignment system which makes use of deflectable/compressible micro-cantilevers. Such cantilevers behave as springs and provide self-centering functionality to the structure. Simulations of the mechanical properties of the cantilevers are carried out in order to get an analytical approximation and a mathematical model of the spring constant and stress in the structure. Elastic constants of the order of 10(4) to 10(5) N/m are found out to be compatible with a proof stress of 70 MPa. Finally a first self-centering structure is prototyped in PMMA using our Deep Proton Writing technology. The spring constants of the fabricated cantilevers are in the range of 4 to 6 x 10(4) N/m and the stress is in the range 10 to 20 MPa. These self-centering structures have the potential to become the basic building blocks for a new generation of field-installable connect

关键词： alignment structures deep proton writing fiber connector fiber-to-the-home mechanical simulations optical telecom polymer rapid prototyping

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MATHEMATICAL modeling AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE CHANNEL ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN SPATIAL DOMAIN MULTIPLEXING

MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE ...

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conference on Enabling photonics Technologies for Defense, Security and Aerospace Applications VIII

作者： Murshid, Syed H. Muralikrishnan, Hari Priya Kozaitis, Samuel P. Florida Inst Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Optron Lab Melbourne FL 32901 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819490759

A novel multiplexing technique known as Spatial Domain multiplexing (SDM) has been developed in recent years and offers many advantages over its counterparts. With multiple channel transmission of the same wavelength over a single multimode carrier fiber, SDM increases the data capacity by multiple folds. Input channels are launched at appropriate input angles to produce skew ray propagation. The output of the system when projected on a screen is observed as concentric rings. These SDM beams carry orbital angular momentum. Experiments show that two input sources with the same launch conditions, but opposite topological charge take different helical paths inside the transmission fiber. Consequently the shadow of a straight wire does not remain straight. Instead, it is displaced by a specific distance. This endeavor presents a model of such a system by analyzing the shadow distortion, using principles of geometric optics. Experimentally obtained shadow displacement results are quantified and then compared to the model. We also show that when two channels with opposite topological charges are transmitted with same launch conditions, their orbital angular momenta are equal and opposite. As a result orbital Angular momentum based multiplexing can be used to add another degree of freedom to photons.

关键词： optical vortices Distortion Multiplexing Spiral phase plates Mathematical modeling Radio propagation Photons Geometrical optics Multimode fibers Wave propagation

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Coordinates Calibration in Precision Detection of 3D optical Deformation Measurement system

Coordinates Calibration in Precision Detection of 3D Optical...

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conference on optical Metrology and Inspection for Industrial Applications II held as part of spie/COS photonics Asia

作者： Lu, Honggang Hu, Chunsheng Wang, Xingshu Gao, Yang Wu, Wei Natl Univ Def Technol Coll Optoelect Sci & Engn Changsha 410073 Hunan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780819493187

In order to validate the detection precision of a three Dimensions optical Deformation Measure system (3D-OMS), a calibration method of auxiliary coordinate and the optical coordinate base on theodolites has been proposed. The installation method by using theodolites to calibrate the auxiliary coordinate and the optical coordinate has been proposed. Specifically, after the auxiliary mirrors installed, the installation accuracy is detected, then we analyzed the influence of Axis-Error of theodolite under the practical condition of our experiment. Furthermore, the influence of validation precision for the 3D-OMS caused by the misalignment of auxiliary coordinate and optical coordinate is analyzed. According to our theoretical analysis and experiments results, the validation precision of the 3D-OMS can achieve an accuracy of 1 '' at the conditions of the coordinate alignment accuracy is no more than 10' and the measuring range of 3D-OMS within +/- 3'. Therefore, the proposed method can meet our high accuracy requirement while not sensitive to the installation error of auxiliary mirrors. This method is also available for other similar work.

关键词： optical deformation measurement system (OMS) coordinate calibration auxiliary coordinate theodolite

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Highly precise and robust packaging of optical components

Highly precise and robust packaging of optical components

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conference on Laser-Based Micro- and Nanopackaging and Assembly VI (LBMP)/photonics West (LASE)

作者： Leers, Michael Winzen, Matthias Liermann, Erik Faidel, Heinrich Westphalen, Thomas Miesner, Joern Luttmann, Joerg Hoffmann, Dieter Fraunhofer Inst Laser Technol ILT Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819488879

In this paper we present the development of a compact, thermo-optically stable and vibration and mechanical shock resistant mounting technique by soldering of optical components. Based on this technique a new generation of laser sources for aerospace applications is designed. In these laser systems solder technique replaces the glued and bolted connections between optical component, mount and base plate. alignment precision in the arc second range and realization of long term stability of every single part in the laser system is the main challenge. At the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT a soldering and mounting technique has been developed for high precision packaging. The specified environmental boundary conditions (e. g. a temperature range of -40 degrees C to +50 degrees C) and the required degrees of freedom for the alignment of the components have been taken into account for this technique. In general the advantage of soldering compared to gluing is that there is no outgassing. In addition no flux is needed in our special process. The joining process allows multiple alignments by remelting the solder. The alignment is done in the liquid phase of the solder by a 6 axis manipulator with a step width in the nm range and a tilt in the arc second range. In a next step the optical components have to pass the environmental tests. The total misalignment of the component to its adapter after the thermal cycle tests is less than 10 arc seconds. The mechanical stability tests regarding shear, vibration and shock behavior are well within the requirements.

关键词： high precision packaging active alignment mounting technique aerospace application pick and align active alignment

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