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Outdoor Free Space optical Systems: Motivations, Challenges, Contributions in Environmental Conditions, and Future Directions-A Systematic Survey

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 49121-49161页

作者： Altakhaineh, Amjaad T. Alsarayreh, Sarah A. Alrawashdeh, Rula Aleid, Ahed Alsharari, Fatima Alodat, Rowida Alhasanat, Amal Alhasanat, Abdullah Alsafasfeh, Moath Alhasanat, Mohanad Rabie, Kaled Benjillali, Mustapha Mutah Univ Dept Elect Engn Al Karak 61710 Jordan Al Hussein Bin Talal Univ Dept Comp Engn Maan 71111 Jordan Tuskegee Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Tuskegee AL 36088 USA King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals KFUPM Comp Engn Dept Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals KFUPM Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Commun Syst & Sensing Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia Natl Inst Posts & Telecommun Commun Syst Dept Rabat 10100 Morocco

This paper presents a new systematic survey of the free-space optical (FSO) system, highlighting its operations and applications in outdoor optical communication underlying its interaction with the environment. As the application portfolio of FSO technology grows, so does the need for a clear classification for FSO link configurations. Most existing surveys and classifications are single-level classifications using traditional survey methods, and thus not inclusive enough to accommodate recent and emerging changes and developments of different FSO link configurations and systems. To that end, this paper adopts a novel methodology based on statistical analysis using a natural language processing approach (NLP) to analyze, visualize, and interpret the researchers' trends of 5075 relevant literature published documents (journal papers, conference papers, books, etc.) from 2017 to Feb-2024. The process of summarizing and analyzing is encompassed by adopting hierarchal multi-level classifications for the key performance evaluations, motivations, challenges, and contributions related to FSO systems. The survey is started by understanding the key performance of FSO such as matrices models and mathematical models. Then, the survey process is followed by investigating the outdoor FSO applications (urban, satellite, smart city, military, healthcare, disasters, and sensing applications). We have relied on listing and dividing the outdoor FSO networks into sub-networks based on the FSO's architectural structures (point-to-multipoint, mobile network, long-range transmission and heterogeneous). In turn, outdoor impairments are classified into two categories: 1) environmental factors (weather and atmospheric conditions) and 2) component systems (source types and mechanical issues). We demonstrate the impact of these impairments in terms of the optical phenomena (effects), such as scattering, reflection, refraction, absorption, shadowing, and consequences (outcomes), such as pointi

关键词： Statistical analysis free space optics (FSO) free space optics (FSO) mobility mobility outdoor optical communication outdoor optical communication point-to- multipoint coverage subnetwork subnetwork weather conditions weather conditions

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Super-resolution reconstruction of remote sensing images based on deep learning 6

Super-resolution reconstruction of remote sensing images bas...

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6th International conference on Geoscience and Remote sensing Mapping, GRSM 2024

作者： Wang, Chong Mu, Xin Yu, Shuhai Liu, Yunhe Liu, Jianghao Shi, Haotian College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Changchun University of Technology Jilin Changchun130012 China Changguang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. Jilin Changchun130102 China Co. Ltd Heilongjiang Harbin150000 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688018

Remote sensing image data is a method of collecting ground target data through remote sensors and forming images using the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and the ground surface. However, due to various practical factors, the resolution of remote sensing image data is often low, and software processing methods are more cost-effective. With the rapid development of deep learning theory and applications, image super-resolution technology has become a key technology in the field of image processing. This article constructs a dataset using remote sensing images of natural scenes, and improves the original SRGAN algorithm to make it applicable to remote sensing images and enhance visual effects and evaluation metrics. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： optical remote sensing

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Research and engineering application of inclinometer technology based on distributed fiber optic sensing 4

Research and engineering application of inclinometer technol...

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4th International Computational Imaging conference, CITA 2024

作者： Yafei, Feng Yibo, Zhong Lijun, Wan Shenchen, Qu Guojun, Wu Dongming, Li Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute Zhejiang Hangzhou310023 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688834

In view of the problems that the traditional fixed inclinometer or photoelectric inclinometer rely on manpower to carry out repeated measurements for many times, such as the inability to measure in severe weather such as rainstorm, poor timeliness, time-consuming and labor-consuming measurement, serious interference by cross operation at the engineering site, low measurement accuracy, and limited measurement of large deformation in rock and soil mass,a scheme using distributed optical fiber sensing technology for horizontal displacement inclinometer is proposed. In this scheme, the structure of the traditional inclinometer tube is transformed, and the armored sensing optical cable suitable for complex engineering applications is designed. Four inclinometer optical cables with an interval of 90 ° are arranged on the inclinometer tube, and the inclinometer tube is arranged along the hole. A distributed optical fiber strain analyzer is used to obtain the strain variation along the inclinometer, and the horizontal displacement of the inclinometer can be obtained by multiple integral transformation of the data. The indoor model results show that the distributed optical fiber sensing method can not only accurately reflect the strain variation of each position of the inclinometer, but also distinguish the stress direction of the inclinometer, and the strain variation of the inclinometer can reach 1000 μΕ, The horizontal lateral displacement reaches 30cm, and the maximum measurement error is 7.19%. At the actual excavation site in Wenzhou, the distributed optical fiber inclinometer installed is consistent with the data obtained from the traditional electrical inclinometer, and the maximum deviation is 1.4%. The distributed optical fiber inclinometer technology has the advantages of simple installation structure, high sensitivity and high measurement accuracy, which can be widely used in related engineering applications and reference, and has high economic value and social s

关键词： Fiber optic sensors

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Anti-resonant hollow-core optical fiber as a Fabry-Pérot interferometric high-performance cavity-enhanced photoacoustic sensing 4

Anti-resonant hollow-core optical fiber as a Fabry-Pérot in...

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4th International Computational Imaging conference, CITA 2024

作者： Zhang, Ziyu Peng, Jiajun Lai, Yongli University of Central Lancashire Lancashire Preston United Kingdom School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China National Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access System School of Optical and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688834

This paper reports for the first time a highly sensitive cavity-enhanced photoacoustic sensor constructed based on anti-resonant hollow-core fibre (AR-HCF) with acousto-optic transducer thin film, which shows great potential in photoacoustic sensing applications. In this design, the structure improves the reflectivity of the resonance cavity by introducing a resonance cavity enhancement mechanism that extends the time to capture light with a cavity fineness of 55, increasing the acoustic pressure sensitivity of the optical resonance cavity by more than an order of magnitude. The unique features of this all-fibre optic sensing architecture are its high sensitivity, low-loss characteristics, excellent stability, and the significant advantages of the sensor in terms of size and cost. This opens up new avenues for the development of photoacoustic sensing technology. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Fabry-Perot interferometers

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Evaluating multi-modal image matching algorithms for remote sensing applications 6

Evaluating multi-modal image matching algorithms for remote ...

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6th International conference on Geoscience and Remote sensing Mapping, GRSM 2024

作者： Liu, Zhanquan Han, Yilong Fu, Mingsheng Song, Baiwan Gong, Danchao Ming, Yanfang Sun, Lin College of Geodesy and Geomatics Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao266590 China Shandong Province Research Center of Engineering and Technology for GPS RS and GIS Qingdao266590 China Star-Rising Technologies Co. Ltd. Qingdao266590 China Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping Beijing100036 China Shandong GEO-Surveying & Mapping Institute Jinan250000 China State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering Xi’an710054 China Xi’an Institute of Surveying and Mapping Xi’an710054 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688018

Image matching is a fundamental task in image processing, particularly in photogrammetry and remote sensing. Conventional image matching methods often struggle with multi-modal images due to significant geometric distortions and nonlinear radiometric effects. To address these challenges, researchers have developed a variety of algorithms specifically tailored for multi-modal data. Despite this, there is a notable lack of comprehensive theoretical summaries of multi-modal image matching. This paper aims to bridge this gap by discussing the complexities of matching multi-modal images and providing a succinct overview of existing methods. We evaluate three Conventional algorithms—OS-SIFT, RIFT, and POS-GIFT—and two deep learning methods—SemLA and SuperPoint+SuperGlue. These methods are assessed using six types of multi-modal remote sensing datasets: optical-optical, optical-Infrared, optical-Depth, optical-Map, optical-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and Day-Night. The results indicate that the POS-GIFT algorithm outperforms others, achieving an average of 1217 correct matches with a success rate of 96.70%. This paper concludes by discussing the challenges of multi-modal image matching and suggesting future research directions, serving as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in remote sensing. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Image matching

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A DIY C-T spectrometer and its application in FBG temperature sensing demodulation 4

A DIY C-T spectrometer and its application in FBG temperatur...

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4th International Computational Imaging conference, CITA 2024

作者： Wang, Tengfei Tao, Chuanyi Wang, Yu Li, Jingke Wang, Jingting Feng, Cheng School of Science Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing400054 China School of Clinical Medicine Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College Chongqing400030 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688834

Fiber optic sensing technology offers efficient and accurate monitoring across various applications. A key component in this technology is the spectrometer, which is essential for high-precision measurement of physical quantities by analyzing optical signal spectra. This study investigates the use of a spectrometer to measure wavelength drift in Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) caused by temperature variations, aiming to enhance temperature sensing accuracy and reliability. An unfolded asymmetric Czerny-Turner (C-T) near-infrared spectrometer was designed for this purpose. The initial spectrometer structure was developed using aberration cancellation theory, followed by optical configuration optimization through software simulations. A spectrometer system was then assembled on an optical platform, with wavelength calibration and spectral measurement functionalities implemented via a graphical programming environment. Performance testing with various light sources demonstrated that the system achieves a resolution of better than 0.5 nm in the 1525-1565 nm wavelength range and better than 2 nm in the 1298-1565 nm range. The spectrometer was subsequently used in a temperature sensing system with FBGs. Experimental results confirmed that the developed spectrometer effectively tracks FBG wavelength shifts due to temperature changes. This study provides valuable insights into the application of spectrometers for fiber optic sensing and their role in accurate demodulation. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Fiber Bragg gratings

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Design and realization of marine map service platform based on microservice 6

Design and realization of marine map service platform based ...

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6th International conference on Geoscience and Remote sensing Mapping, GRSM 2024

作者： Guo, Xue Qu, Hui Sun, Hanrui He, Long Zhang, Can Technology Innovation Center of Marine Information MNR Tianjin300171 China National Marine Data and Information Service Tianjin300171 China Marine academy of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou310012 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688018

With the development of marine information in China, the application of spatial basic geographic information in the marine field is increasing. System integration and specialized applications based on marine spatial geographic information are becoming increasingly common. This article establishes a spatiotemporal database for marine geographic information applications. It produces and releases basic geographic base map data services for vector, terrain, and remote sensing images, as well as marine 3D sphere model services. Application of microservice architecture and container technology, platform portal customized integration technology, sea and land integrated data distribution integration technology to build marine map service platform and realize the base map sharing application, special data query and analysis, spatial processing analysis, online mapping and microservice API sharing, and other functions. The platform improves the utilization efficiency of marine spatial geographic information resources. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Marine applications

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Preparation of Ti3C2TX MXene/PVA Composite Films for Gas and Humidity sensing applications

Preparation of Ti3C2TX MXene/PVA Composite Films for Gas and...

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2024 International conference Optoelectronic Information and optical Engineering, OIOE 2024

作者： Wu, Fan Chu, Yuke Xing, Guangjian College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology Beijing102617 China

ISBN: (数字)9781510688209

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688193

The development of sensing materials with high conductivity and large surface area is the focus of future research as these characteristics are crucial for achieving high sensitivity in resistive sensors. In this study, a Ti3C2Tx MXene dispersion was prepared using an LiF/HCl etching process. PVA microfibers films prepared with an electrospinning method were then impregnated into the above Ti3C2Tx dispersion for the preparation of Ti3C2Tx/PVA composite films using a dipping-drying method. The gas sensing and humidity sensing properties of these composites films were investigated in detail. The composite films exhibited high sensitivity to NH3 in gas sensing, with a sensitivity of 0.075 over a wide range (10-200 ppm), along with a fast response time (26 s), fast recovery time (17 s), and good cyclic stability. In terms of humidity sensing, the Ti3C2Tx/PVA composite films demonstrated high sensitivity within a wide range (0.83, 11-33% RH;13.93, 33-84% RH;54.78, 84-97% RH), with the moisture hysteresis being approximately 4.45% RH. Moreover, it displayed a rapid response time (5 s) and recovery time (4.5 s), as well as good cycle stability. Overall, the MXene/PVA composite film has wide applications and demonstrates great potential in both gas and humidity sensing. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Humidity sensors

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3-D printed fiber-tip micro-ring resonators for ultrasound sensing 4

3-D printed fiber-tip micro-ring resonators for ultrasound s...

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4th International Computational Imaging conference, CITA 2024

作者： Nan, Baiqing Bao, Weijia Liao, Changrui Sun, Xuhui Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Manufacturing Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688834

This paper presents a curved waveguide and two ring resonators at the tip of a multicore optical fiber for ultrasonic sensing which are fabricated by two-photon 3D printing technology. The curved waveguide, constructed from a high-refractive-index photoresist, not only enhances spectral quality but also ensures stable transmission of optical signals in aqueous environments. The fabricated ring resonator is highly-sensitive to ultrasound signal due to its suspended structure, it is used to perform a model imaging process and shows good results. Moreover, its compact design is much smaller than conventional PZT probes. The integration of two-photon 3D printing devices and ultrasonic imaging technologies shows great potential for a wide range of applications. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Ultrasonic imaging

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Research on ground information identification method for far field remote sensing images based on transfer learning 3

Research on ground information identification method for far...

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3rd International conference on Geographic Information and Remote sensing technology, GIRST 2024

作者： Yang, Ximiao Wang, Dong Liu, Mingming Shen, Boyang Zhao, Hui Wang, Liangshun School of Management Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China College of Instrumentation and Science Southeast University Nanjing China Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China Forestry College Shanxi Agricultural University Shanxi Taiyuan China China CITIC Bank Innovation Laboratory Beijing China Hainan University Hainan Haikou China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689077

In recent years, with the vigorous development and widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, AI has empowered remote sensing technology, significantly shortening the cycle of remote sensing image interpretation, improving accuracy, and promoting the transformation of remote sensing technology applications. However, the interpretability and generalization transfer ability of some existing models are average, and the results have obvious limitations. This article focuses on the problem of ground information interpretation based on satellite remote sensing images, and conducts research on hyperspectral image classification methods based on EfficientNet deep learning. Furthermore, the EfficientNet transfer learning model is optimized based on an improved GJO. While extracting shallow features such as edges and textures, the problem of high intra class differences and low inter class differences in hyperspectral remote sensing images is effectively addressed, which can effectively improve the efficiency of satellite remote sensing image land recognition. Finally, the comparative classification experiment of deep transfer learning also proves the progressiveness of the method proposed in this paper. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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