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Remote concealed threat detection by novel classification algorithms applied to multi-polarimetric UWB radar

Remote concealed threat detection by novel classification al...

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： O'Reilly, Dean Bowring, Nicholas Rezgui, Nacer Ddine Andrews, David Harmer, Stuart Manchester Metropolitan Univ Sch Engn Sensing & Imaging Grp Manchester M1 5GD Lancs England

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

A method of effectively detecting remote concealed threats, particularly knives and guns, has been developed. This method uses multi-polarimetric ultra wide band active microwave radar to remotely scan a person under investigation. It has been shown that the radar signatures from such scans can be used to detect whether a person is carrying a concealed threat. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) data reduction technique followed by a neural network (NN) is used to classify the information extracted from the radar signals. The technique combines the co, 45 degrees, cross, and 135 degrees polarized transceived radar signals into a single data set for classification. Illuminating the target with a range of polarizations, together with choosing a radar beam size commensurate with the targets in question, produces good discrimination between threat and non-threat items. Once collected, the data sets obtained are reduced via PCA, which significantly improves the correct classification rate at the NN stage and makes the technique more tolerant of variations in the threat objects orientation and better able to detect a wider range of threat types. Experimental results are presented which show that a detection rate of up to 80% for knives and guns can be achieved, with a false alarm rate as low as 4%.

关键词： Anisotropic Polarimetric radar Threat

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Compact, Autonomous, Multi-Mission Synthetic Aperture radar

Compact, Autonomous, Multi-Mission Synthetic Aperture Radar

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Walls, Thomas J. Wilson, Michael L. Madsen, David Knight, Chad Jensen, Mark D. Partridge, Darin C. Addario, Mike USN Res Lab 4555 Overlook Ave SW Washington DC 20375 USA Utah State Univ Red Fdn Space Dynam Lab Logan UT 84322 USA SRC Inc N Syracuse NY 13212 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

The utilization of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) applications continues to increase and unmanned systems have become a critical asset in current and future battlespaces. With the development of medium-to-low altitude, rapidly deployable aircraft platforms, the ISR community has seen an increasing push to develop ISR sensors and systems with real-time mission support capabilities. This paper describes the design and development of the RASAR (Real-time, Autonomous, Synthetic Aperture radar) sensor system and presents demonstration flight test results. RASAR is a modular, multi-band (L and X) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging sensor designed for self-contained, autonomous, real-time operation with mission flexibility to support a wide range of ISR needs within the size, weight and power constraints of Group III UASs. SAR waveforms are generated through direct digital synthesis enabling arbitrary waveform notching to enable operations in cluttered RF environments. RASAR is capable of simultaneous dual-channel receive to enable polarization based target discrimination. The sensor command and control and real-time image formation processing are designed to enable integration of RASAR into larger, multi-intelligence system of systems. The multi-intelligence architecture and a demonstration of real-time autonomous cross-cueing of a separate optical sensor will be presented.

关键词： SAR UAS real-time automation algorithmic processing scalable

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A Method to Evaluate Residual Phase Error for Polar Formatted Synthetic Aperture radar Systems

A Method to Evaluate Residual Phase Error for Polar Formatte...

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Musgrove, Cameron Naething, Richard Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

Synthetic aperture radar systems that use the polar format algorithm are subject to a focused scene size limit inherent to the polar format algorithm. The classic focused scene size limit is determined from the dominant residual range phase error term. Given the many sources of phase error in a synthetic aperture radar, a system designer is interested in how much phase error results from the assumptions made with the polar format algorithm. Autofocus algorithms have limits to the amount and type of phase error that can be corrected. Current methods correct only one or a few terms of the residual phase error. A system designer needs to be able to evaluate the contribution of the residual or uncorrected phase error terms to determine the new focused scene size limit. This paper describes a method to estimate the complete residual phase error, not just one or a few of the dominant residual terms. This method is demonstrated with polar format image formation, but is equally applicable to other image formation algorithms. A benefit for the system designer is that additional correction terms can be added or deleted from the analysis as necessary to evaluate the resulting effect upon image quality.

关键词： SAR synthetic aperture radar differential range error phase error scene size limits

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Analysis of SAR autofocus performance

Analysis of SAR autofocus performance

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Naething, Richard M. West, Roger D. Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

High quality focused SAR imaging dictates that the relative phase error over an aperture must be kept below a fraction of a wavelength. On most deployed SAR systems the internal measurement systems ability to measure position uncertainty is not sufficient to achieve this required precision. This necessitates an additional post-processing step of data-driven phase error mitigation known as autofocus. We present results comparing the performance of a variety of autofocus techniques including image metric optimization based techniques and several variants of phase gradient autofocus (PGA). The degree of focusing is evaluated with an image focus metric, specific to SAR images, that is not biased toward any particular autofocus algorithm. This evaluation is performed on a variety of scene types using injected (known) phase errors. We show that PGA autofocus outperforms the image metric optimization techniques tested (based on minimizing image entropy) in low contrast SAR scenes.

关键词： Synthetic Aperture radar Phase Gradient Autofocus Entropy Contrast Optimization

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A compressive radar system with chaotic-based FM signals using the Bernoulli map

A compressive radar system with chaotic-based FM signals usi...

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Ochoa, Hector A. Enugula, Charan Teja Univ Texas Tyler Tyler TX 75799 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

Matched filters are used in radar systems to identify echo signals embedded in noise. They allow us to extract range and Doppler information about the target from the reflected signal. In high frequency radars, matched filters make the system expensive and complex. For that reason, the radar research community is looking at techniques like compressive sensing or compressive sampling to eliminate the use of matched filters and high frequency analog-to-digital converters. In this work, compressive sensing is proposed as a method to increase the resolution and eliminate the use of matched filters in chaotic radars. Two basic scenarios are considered, one for stationary targets and one for non-stationary targets. For the stationary targets, the radar scene was a one dimensional vector, in which each element from the vector represents a target position. For the non-stationary targets, the radar scene was a two dimensional matrix, in which one direction of the matrix represents the target's range, and the other direction represents the target's velocity. Using optimization techniques, it was possible to recover both radar scenes from an under sampled echo signal. The reconstructed scenes were compared against a traditional matched filter system. In both cases, the matched filter was capable of recovering the radar scene. However, there was a considerable amount of artifacts introduced by the matched filter that made target identification a daunting task. On the other hand, using compressive sensing it was possible to recover both radar scenes perfectly, even when the echo signal was under sampled.

关键词： Chaotic radar Compressive Sensing Matched Filter

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Human Detection and Ranging at Long Range and Through Light Foliage Using a W-Band Noise radar With an Embedded Tone

Human Detection and Ranging at Long Range and Through Light ...

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Gallagher, Kyle A. Narayanan, Ram M. Penn State Univ University Pk PA 16802 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

This paper describes a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radar system that has been used to range humans concealed in light foliage at 30 meters and range exposed humans at distances up to 213 meters. Human micro-Doppler is also detected through light foliage at 30 meters and up to 90 meters when no foliage is present. This is done by utilizing a composite signal consisting of two waveforms: a wide-band noise waveform and a single tone. These waveforms are summed together and transmitted simultaneously. Matched filtering of the received and transmitted noise signals is performed to range targets with high resolution, while the received single tone signal is used for Doppler analysis. The Doppler measurements are used to distinguish between different human movements using characteristic micro-Doppler signals. Using hardware and software filters allows for simultaneous processing of both the noise and Doppler waveforms. Our measurements establish the mm-wave system's ability to range humans up to 213 meters and distinguish between different human movements at 90 meters. The radar system was also tested through light foliage. In this paper, we present results on human target ranging and Doppler characterization of human movements.

关键词： Noise radar Millimeter-wave radar Multifunctional waveform Human detection

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Random-phase radar waveforms with shaped spectrum

Random-phase radar waveforms with shaped spectrum

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Doerry, A. W. Marquette, B. Sandia Natl Labs POB 5800MS 0519 Albuquerque NM 87185 USA Gen Atom Aeronaut Syst Inc San Diego CA 92127 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

A random phase signal will also have random phase differences between two independent random phases. A phase increment across a time increment is in fact a phase-rate, or frequency. A phase-rate change is in fact a frequency-hop. By controlling the phase-rate, that is the characteristics of the phase increments, we can control the spectrum of the random-phase waveform. Spectrum precision and sharpness is enhanced by holding a frequency for some 'chip' length. For digitally generated phase samples, this means that the chip length needs to be many samples. This is a time-bandwidth issue. The definition of 'many' will depend on the sharpness desired, but often several tens' of samples will be adequate. To shape the Energy Spectral Density (ESD) of a random-phase signal, we need to control the average energy at various phase-rates. This can be done with either or a combination of 1) Controlling the likelihood of specific phase increments, and/or 2) Controlling the duration of a specific phase increment chip length. For range-Doppler images, it is the 2-dimensional Impulse Response (IPR) that is of principal concern. This will tend to average out the random effects of any single pulse.

关键词： radar pulse waveform modulation noise radar

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Compound radar waveforms with multiple frames

Compound radar waveforms with multiple frames

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Doerry, A. W. Marquette, B. Sandia Natl Labs POB 5800MS 0519 Albuquerque NM 87185 USA Gen Atom Aeronaut Syst Inc San Diego CA 92127 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

A pulse may be divided into contiguous sequential frames, sometimes called sub-pulses. In a typical pulse-Doppler radar, receiving echo energy must be deferred until after the entire pulse waveform is transmitted. This sets a nearest possible range at which the beginning of the echo pulse can be processed. However, even when early frames or portions of frames are occluded or eclipsed by the transmit pulse, the echo from later frames may still be received and processed. This allows latter frames to be received in their entirety from nearer ranges than earlier frames or the entire pulse. As long as the latter frames still exhibit the desired resolution bandwidth, no loss of resolution is suffered by processing against only the latter frames. In this manner, a compound multi-frame pulse can be processed against a larger range swath than a more conventional pulse modulation scheme. Essentially, the traditional constraints between near-range detection and pulsewidth have been considerably loosened. Relative frame durations can be optimized to allow SNR to exceed some minimum level.

关键词： radar pulse waveform modulation

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radar Tomography Assisted Three-Dimensional Localization via the Noisy Stepped Frequency Waveform

Radar Tomography Assisted Three-Dimensional Localization via...

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Vela, Russell Bracken, L. Justing E. Air Force Res Lab Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

radar tomography has been an active area of investigation at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) for many years. Building upon this knowledge base, recent efforts have begun to focus on developing synergistic combinations between noise based waveforms and radar tomographic imaging techniques.(1) More specifically, an emphasis has been placed on extending the traditional dimensionality from two to three, while condensing the familiar overall required instantaneous bandwidth for noise based radar systems. Through the inclusion of a Direction of Arrival (DOA) capability into the radar RF architecture, and through back projection processing, a target is capable of being located both in its azimuthal and elevation position between multiple towers. The previously developed Noisy Stepped Frequency (NSF) waveform is utilized as the excitation source from each radar towers thereby reducing the necessary instantaneous bandwidth.(2) The thumb-tack-like response of the NSF waveform provides a "sharpened" image of the target and better assists in the localization of the target in its appropriate elevation. The DOA is implemented through the Generalized Cross Correlation (GCC) method. Through the processing combination of back projection and DOA, imaging and localization of both single, and multiple targets is realizable for a three dimensional geometry. Simulated and experimental validations shall be provided and compared.

关键词： radar Noise Band radar Signal Processing NSF Noisy LSF Tomography Waveform Diversity Three Dimensional Localization

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A Global Review of Optronic Synthetic Aperture radar/Ladar Processing

A Global Review of Optronic Synthetic Aperture Radar/Ladar P...

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conference on radar sensor technology xvii

作者： Marchese, Linda Doucet, Michel Bourqui, Pascal Harnisch, Bernd Suess, Martin Legros, Mathieu Desnoyers, Nichola Turbide, Simon Turgeon, Sandra Mercier, Luc Savard, Maxime Martel, Anne Chateauneuf, Franois Bergeron, Alain INO 2740 Einstein Quebec City PQ G1P 4S4 Canada ESA Estec Noordwijk 2200 Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780819495051

Synthetic aperture (SA) techniques are currently employed in a variety of imaging modalities, such as radar (SAR) and ladar (SAL). The advantage of fine resolution provided by these systems far outweighs the disadvantage of having large amounts of raw data to process to obtain the final image. Digital processors have been the mainstay for synthetic aperture processing since the 1980's;however, the original method was optical that is, it employed lenses and other optical elements. This paper provides a global review of a compact light weight optronic processor that combines optical and digital techniques for ultra-fast generation of synthetic aperture images. The overall design of the optronic processor is detailed, including the optical design and data control and handling. As well, its real-time capabilities are demonstrated. Example ENVISAT/ASAR images generated optronically are also presented and compared with ENVISAT Level 1 products. As well, the extended capabilities of optronic processing, including wavefront correction and interferometry are discussed. Finally, a tabletop synthetic aperture ladar system is introduced and SAL images generated using the exact optronic processor designed for SAR image generation are presented.

关键词： synthetic aperture radar synthetic aperture ladar lidar SAR processing optronic processing

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