After more than 50 years of limited niche applications in such roles as aerial targets, UAVs have recently emerged as major aerospace platforms for both military and civilian uses. This is due to three fundamental bre...
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After more than 50 years of limited niche applications in such roles as aerial targets, UAVs have recently emerged as major aerospace platforms for both military and civilian uses. This is due to three fundamental breakthroughs: (1) UAVs have begun to achieve reliability levels which allow routine operational use, (2) payload technologies have matured to the point where extremely useful functions can be accommodated within the weight, volume and power constraints of small airplanes, and (3) evidence is mounting that UAVs can do many tasks better and more affordably than manned aircraft. In many ways, UAVs compete with space systems for equivalent functions, often with the advantage of persistence over an area of interest at far closer range than a geostationary satellite. This paper surveys some of the major electronics developments which contribute to this resurgence. Among the topics covered are UAV architectures; imaging sensors, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and infrared/electro-optical (IR/EO) cameras; communications and data link systems; specialized sensors for such things as chemical detection and RF spectrum surveillance; and onboard processing. In all of these, recent system designs demonstrate levels of performance, e.g., SAR resolution and image processing time, comparable to or better than those achievable a few years ago only in systems costing one to two orders of magnitude more. The ways in which these payloads support military missions such as surveillance and commercial operations such as communications relay and earth resources sensing are reviewed. Finally, some projections are presented about important trends in both payload technologies and system applications.
The paper presents concrete algorithm elaborated to estimate object position in three-dimensional space using data obtained from netted monostatic radars with sensor position uncertainty. An influence of this uncertai...
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ISBN:
(纸本)7505339036
The paper presents concrete algorithm elaborated to estimate object position in three-dimensional space using data obtained from netted monostatic radars with sensor position uncertainty. An influence of this uncertainty caused by navigation or geodetic errors of radar position determination on object position location accuracy has been examined for short and long range radar systems. Selected computational results have been presented and compared with results obtained under classical assumptions that sensor position determination errors do not exist.
Imaging instruments such as optical, infrared and radarsensors can provide valuable input for monitoring coastal waters. We show how the data obtained from these three sensor types can be useful for coastal surveilla...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819421251
Imaging instruments such as optical, infrared and radarsensors can provide valuable input for monitoring coastal waters. We show how the data obtained from these three sensor types can be useful for coastal surveillance, in particular for ship detection and identification. The paper addresses various aspects of the data fusion process as applied to these sensors, including data alignment, target detection, and target feature (attribute) extraction for target identification.
The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been investigating the potential of ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar (UWB SAR) technology to detect and classify targets concealed by subsurface targets and foliage. Our i...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819421286
The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been investigating the potential of ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar (UWB SAR) technology to detect and classify targets concealed by subsurface targets and foliage. Our investigative approach is to collect high-quality precision data to support phenomenological investigations of electromagnetic wave propagation through dielectric media. These investigations, in turn, support the development of algorithms for automatic target recognition. In order to achieve these goals, ARL designed and built an impulse (very short pulse) radar to collect data at a variety of test sites to measure and analyze the responses from targets, clutter, and targets embedded in clutter. The UWB BoomSAR, mounted on a 150-foot-high mobile boom lift, collects the high-quality, precision data sets needed for understanding UWB SAR system requirements and foliage penetration and ground penetration phenomenology. The BoomSAR operates with over 1 gigahertz of bandwidth covering a spectrum from 40 MHz to 1 GHz and is fully polarimetric. This bandwidth contains low frequencies needed for ground penetration while also maintaining higher frequency coverage for high resolution imagery. This paper shows a GPEN target area from data collected at Yuma Proving Grounds, AZ in low- and high- frequency subbands.
This paper presents a discussion on the feasibility and usefulness of data fusion applied to a suite of dissimilar sensors. This suite comprises surveillance radar, forward looking infrared (FLIR), electronic support ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780331435
This paper presents a discussion on the feasibility and usefulness of data fusion applied to a suite of dissimilar sensors. This suite comprises surveillance radar, forward looking infrared (FLIR), electronic support measurement (ESM), a synthetic aperture radar (SAR), acoustic sensors and a data link (LINK 11). An analysis of applicable sensor fusion processes is presented followed by a discussion on the expected performance improvements. Finally, a three step incremental approach is proposed with recoverable steps where different level of fusion sophistication can be implemented based on the availability of the technology and the actual status of the sensors.
Supposing that there are two dissimilar sensor(e.g. radar and infrared detector ),a Multi-sensordata Sequential Fusion Filter(MSDSFF ) has been proposed. For maneuvering target tracking,Interactive Acceleration Compe...
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ISBN:
(纸本)7505338900
Supposing that there are two dissimilar sensor(e.g. radar and infrared detector ),a Multi-sensordata Sequential Fusion Filter(MSDSFF ) has been proposed. For maneuvering target tracking,Interactive Acceleration Compensation(IAC ) algorithm has been introduced into the MSDSFF(IAC/MSDSFF ).Considered the performance and the computational requirement, IAC/MSDSFF is an effective approach
There is an increasing interest in imaging radar systems operating at low frequencies. Examples of military and civilian applications are detection of stealth-designed man- made objects, targets hidden under foliage, ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819421286
There is an increasing interest in imaging radar systems operating at low frequencies. Examples of military and civilian applications are detection of stealth-designed man- made objects, targets hidden under foliage, biomass estimation, and penetration into glaciers or ground. The developed CARABAS technology is a contribution to this field of low frequency SAR imagery. The used wavelengths offer a potential of penetration below the upper scattering layer in combination with high spatial resolution. The first prototype of the system (CARABAS I) has been tested in environments ranging from rain forests to deserts, collecting a considerably amount of data often in parallel with other SAR sensors. The work on data analysis proceeds and results obtained so far seem promising, especially for application in forested regions. The experiences gained are used in the development of a new upgraded system (CARABAS II), which is near completion and initial airborne radar tests for system verifications followed by some major field campaign are scheduled to take place during 1996. This paper will summarize the CARABAS I system characteristics and system performance evaluation. The major imperfections discovered in the radar functioning will be identified, and we explain some of the modification made in the system design for CARABAS II. A new algorithm for future real-time CARABAS data processing has been derived, with a structure well-suited for a multi-processor environment. Motion compensation and radio frequency interference mitigation are both included in this scheme. Some comments on low frequency SAR operation at UHF-based versus VHF-band will be given.
A system is proposed for joint tracking and recognition of airborne targets from the observations of radarsensors. It is assumed that the data available for the estimation of target orientation and recognition includ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422339
A system is proposed for joint tracking and recognition of airborne targets from the observations of radarsensors. It is assumed that the data available for the estimation of target orientation and recognition include sequences of range-profiles from a high resolution radar. Inference is performed using the posterior distribution on the complete parameter space, which includes the number of targets as well as their positions, orientations, and target types. The algorithm is critically dependent on appropriate sensor and target models, in the form of a likelihood for the range profiles given the target orientations, and a prior on the orientations determined by the target dynamics. Deterministic and stochastic models for high resolution radardata are presented, and the likelihood function under the deterministic model is examined. The viability of our approach is demonstrated through simulations that address two simplified recognition scenarios. The first simulation investigates joint tracking and recognition of a single maneuvering target from the simulated observations of both a cross-array tracking radar and a high resolution radar. In the second simulation, orientation estimation and recognition are performed for a single target which is approaching an airborne radar platform. Results from these simulations showing performance are given.
This paper introduces the field of remote sensing using radar and explains some of the ways in which this relatively new technology can be applied to the development of Southern Africa. Active and passive radarsensor...
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This paper introduces the field of remote sensing using radar and explains some of the ways in which this relatively new technology can be applied to the development of Southern Africa. Active and passive radarsensors are discussed. The need for remote sensing user training in radar techniques is stressed, as well as the need for a local airborne sensor. The difference between airborne and satellite sensors is discussed. An update of radar remote sensing activities in southern Africa is given. The existing large body of satellite data is mentioned as a good starting point for environmental applications. References have been selected to provide an entry to the large body of published literature on radar remote sensing applications.
The DO-SAR system consists of an airborne SAR sensor unit and ground-based image processing equipment. It has been built in the late eighties. In order to study algorithms, there was the need to generate dual frequenc...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819421294
The DO-SAR system consists of an airborne SAR sensor unit and ground-based image processing equipment. It has been built in the late eighties. In order to study algorithms, there was the need to generate dual frequency multipolarization data simultaneously. The DO-SAR images allow a comparison on a pixel by pixel basis. The system has been enhanced to along track and across track interferometry. The across track modes are used to generate height profiles with high accuracy. The along track interferometry can be used to estimate the velocity of targets on ground and the velocity of the aircraft. The system has been operating since 1989. It has been used overall in Europe for maritime and oceanic missions. It was used to fly over flooded areas and it provides simultaneous images together with SIRC, in Denmark and Germany. Presently, it is used to generate interferometric single path images in tropic areas in order to classify the tropical forests.
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