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Automation of multi-layer multi-domain transport networks and the role of AI [Invited]

JOURNAL OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING 2025年第2期17卷 A124-A133页

作者： de Dios, Oscar Gonzalez Robles, Pablo Armingol Roelens, Liesbeth Muniz-Da-Costa, Alejandro de Miguel, Ignacio Barroso, Ramon J. Duran Fernandez-Palacios, Juan Pedro Tel Innovac Digital Madrid Spain Univ Valladolid Valladolid Spain

With increasing demand for customized connectivity, transport networks must evolve towards autonomous and customer-driven network management. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of network autonomy and the challenges associated with evolving toward higher levels of autonomy. Moreover, various use cases of artificial intelligence in network automation in ip-over-DWDM transport networks are also analyzed, in particular related to traffic prediction, quality of transmission, anomaly detection, network planning, and proactive failure management. Additionally, the role of generative AI in network operation is explored. Central to our discussion is a proposed control architecture based on open and standard SDN APIs, which incorporates network slicing for multi-layer transport networks and enables real-time access to normalized data, facilitating autonomous network operation.

关键词： Autonomous networks Artificial intelligence Real-time systems Planning Resource management Network slicing Data analysis Computer architecture Telemetry scalability

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Anomaly Detection for Mitigating xApp and E2 Interface Threats in O-RAN Near-RT RIC

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2025年 6卷 1682-1694页

作者： Hung, Cheng-Feng Tseng, Chi-Heng Cheng, Shin-Ming Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taipei City 106335 Taiwan

As 5G networks advance, the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is crucial in enabling openness and fostering collaboration across the telecom industry. O-RAN enhances flexibility, scalability, and interoperability through open interfaces, reducing dependence on a single vendor and promoting interoperability among vendors and solutions. The Near-Real-Time Radio Intelligent controller (Near-RT RIC) is crucial for optimizing network resources and improving user experience. However, the openness of O-RAN also introduces security challenges, particularly from third-party developed xApps and E2 nodes that may exploit vulnerabilities to launch attacks. This paper proposes an anomaly traffic detector to protect the Near-RT RIC from threats on the E2 interface. The anomaly traffic detector verifies the legality of signaling through an internal state machine analysis module and checks packet fields through a conformance check module while monitoring network traffic in real time to detect and mitigate Denial of Service attacks. Additionally, we designed a fuzzer to simulate random attacks, testing the capability of the anomaly traffic detector. The anomaly traffic detector not only successfully passes the test cases highlighted in the O-RAN Security Test Specifications, effectively detecting unauthorized traffic and signaling, but also identifies real-world vulnerability exploits, including CVE-2023-40997, CVE-2023-40998, CVE-2023-41627, and CVE-2023-41628, thereby significantly enhancing the security of the Near-RT RIC.

关键词： Open RAN Security Detectors ip networks Real-time systems 5G mobile communication Monitoring Resource management Optimization traffic control Anomaly detection E2 node E2 interface O-RAN security xApp

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Wireless-aware TSN Engineering: Implications for 5G and Upcoming 6G networks

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IEEE Network 2025年第3期39卷 99-107页

作者： Egger, Simon Dürr, Frank Varga, Balazs Andrade, Marilet De Sharma, Gourav Prateek Sachs, Joachim Harmatos, János Gross, James University of Stuttgart Institute for Parallel and Distributed Systems Germany Ericsson Research Budapest Hungary Ericsson Research Stockholm Sweden KTH Royal Institute of Technology EECS School Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Research Aachen Germany

The importance of time- and mission-critical applications is increasing as industries and society are advancing in their digitalization. As such applications introduce stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements on the underlying network infrastructure, open standards like TSN and DetNet are being developed to provide dependable and time-sensitive communication in bridged LAN networks and ip networks, respectively. More recently, the extension to support wireless time-sensitive connectivity has received special interest due to improved network deployment flexibility with mobile devices. These efforts have led to the standardized support of TSN/DetNet in 5G, allowing the 5G system and its mobile devices to be integrated transparently into TSN/DetNet networks while conforming to their user and control plane protocols. Nevertheless, the induced packet delays – and in particular the packet delay variations (PDVs) – of 5G are significantly larger than in their wired counterparts. In this work, we illustrate that established methods to configure TSN/DetNet networks insufficiently address major runtime uncertainties, and that they would consequently result in QoS impairments or scalability issues. We therefore advocate for two systematic approaches to improve traffic shaping in this setting: first, we propose Packet Delay Correction where the PDV is corrected within the 5G system. Second, we introduce "wireless-aware" TSN scheduling to account for the packet delay characteristics of 5G. We demonstrate that wireless-aware TSN scheduling and Packet Delay Correction are complementary in their design and can be combined to provide formal end-to-end reliability guarantees at scale. In addition, being a key aspect to support wireless-aware TSN scheduling in 5G and future 6G networks, we introduce a data-driven framework to predict the packet delay characteristics of the wireless systems over a finite time horizon. Finally, we identify open research questions in wireless-awar

关键词： Quality of service

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QSCCP: A QoS-Aware Congestion control Protocol for Information-Centric Networking

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2025年第1期22卷 532-556页

作者： Bai, He Li, Hui Que, Jianming Smahi, Abla Zhang, Minglong Chongx, Peter Han Joo Li, Shuo-Yen Robert Wang, Xiyu Lu, Ping Peking Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn Guangdong Prov Key Lab Ultra High Definit Immers M Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Fuyao Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci Fuzhou 350109 Peoples R China Mississippi State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Starkville MS 39762 USA Auckland Univ Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Auckland 1010 New Zealand Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Natl Key Lab Sci & Technol Commun Chengdu 610054 Peoples R China ZTE Corp Cent R&D Inst Shenzhen 518057 Peoples R China ZTE Corp Dept Ind Digitalizat Solut Shenzhen 518057 Peoples R China

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising future network architecture that shifts the host-based network paradigm to a content-oriented one. Over the past decade, numerous ICN congestion control (CC) schemes have been proposed, tailored to address congestion issues based on ICN's transmission characteristics. However, several key challenges still need to be addressed. One critical issue is that most existing CC studies for ICN do not consider the diverse Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of modern network applications. This limitation hinders their applicability across various applications with different network performance preferences. Another ongoing challenge lies in improving transmission performance, particularly considering how to appropriately coordinate congestion control participants to enhance content retrieval efficiency and ensure reasonable resource allocation, especially in multipath scenarios. To tackle these challenges, we propose QSCCP, a QoS-aware congestion control protocol built upon NDN (Named Data Networking), a well-known ICN architecture. In QSCCP, diverse QoS preferences of various traffic are supported within a collaborative congestion control framework. A novel multi-level, class-based scheduling and forwarding mechanism is designed to ensure varied and fine-grained QoS guarantees. A distributed congestion notification and precise feedback mechanism is also provided, which efficiently collaborates with an adaptive multipath forwarding strategy and consumer rate adjustment to rationally allocate network resources and improve transmission efficiency, particularly in multipath scenarios. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that QSCCP satisfies diverse QoS requirements while achieving outstanding transmission performance. It outperforms existing schemes in throughput, fairness, delay, and packet loss, with a rapid convergence rate and excellent stability.

关键词： Quality of service Protocols Resource management Packet loss Receivers scalability Information-centric networking ip networks Diffserv networks Collaboration Information-centric networks congestion control transport protocol quality of service (QoS)

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Multi-controller Architecture Design and Features in Software - Defined Networking (SDN) 6

Multi-Controller Architecture Design and Features in Softwar...

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6th International conference on Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics, ICMCSI 2025

作者： Prabhu, V. Balamurugan, P. Department of Computer Science and Engineering School of Computing College of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamilnadu Chengalpattu603 203 India Department of Networking and Communications School of Computing College of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamilnadu Chengalpattu603 203 India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331522667

Networking paradigm known as "Software-Defined Networking" (SDN) offers more flexibility with network management and is fast gaining popularity. Separating the control plane from the data plane is largely responsible for this success. In SDN-enabled networks, a centralized controller is used to translate high-level network application requirements into low-level directives that are issued to the forwarding devices. Such the controller requires limited ability to react to the request for flow processing generated by forwarding devices. Whenever an SDN-enabled network expands in terms of size or as a network traffic rises, flow processing demands can’t be able to fulfill by a single centralized controller. This causes a controller's performance to decline, which eventually results in a malfunctioning SDN-enabled network. Implementing a multi-controller architecture, in which a number of controllers cooperate to manage a sizable amount of network traffic and flow processing requirements, would be a successful strategy. The introduction of a multi-controller architecture and a consideration of the problems with its scalability, coherence as well as accessibility make up the core contribution of this study. Additionally, it identifies areas where study in this area could still be done. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： scalability

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Enhancing scalability in Wi-Fi IoT networks with Logical Data Plane Segregation Using SDN Principles

Enhancing Scalability in Wi-Fi IoT Networks with Logical Dat...

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10th International conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security, IoTBDS 2025

作者： Vieira, Gabriel Ortigoso, Ana Rita Fuentes, Daniel Frazão, Luis Costa, Nuno Pereira, António Computer Science and Communication Research Centre Polytechnic University of Leiria Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9789897587504

The increasing demand for wireless connectivity, with IoT devices projected to exceed 20 billion by 2025, reinforces Wi-Fi as the dominant technology. However, the standard star topology limits coverage for widely dispersed IoT devices. While mesh networking extends coverage, most IoT endpoints lack native mesh support, posing scalability and security challenges. This study proposes an IoT architecture leveraging a dual-stack and dual logical data plane approach based on SDN principles. It separates control and data traffic into three planes: IoT data, Wi-Fi extension, and control. The control plane employs ESP-NOW for mesh optimisation, while Wi-Fi ensures compatibility and expanded functionality. A prototype using ESP32-C6 DevKitC-1 modules demonstrates cost-efficiency, supporting stable connectivity with performance degradation beyond 50 metres. Experimental results confirm the architecture’s ability to establish a self-organising, resilient mesh network with dynamic reconfiguration, offering a scalable and flexible solution for IoT mesh networks. Copyright © 2025 by SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Lda.

关键词： MESH networking

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Probabilistic Graph Models: A Key to Boosting Deep Reinforcement Learning in Urban traffic networks

Probabilistic Graph Models: A Key to Boosting Deep Reinforce...

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International conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, ICCAE

作者： Ali Reza Sattarzadeh Pubudu N. Pathirana School of Engineering Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia

ISBN: (数字)9798331533816

ISBN: (纸本)9798331533823

Intelligent traffic signal control is a critical solution for optimizing urban transportation networks by reducing congestion and enhancing traffic flow efficiency. This study introduces a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework integrated with probabilistic graph models (PGMs) to address the challenges of adaptability and interpretability in traffic management. The PGMs enable a structured representation of complex dependencies within traffic systems, allowing for interpretable insights into dynamic traffic conditions. The proposed model is trained and validated in the SUMO simulation environment, accurately reflecting real-world traffic scenarios. Results demonstrate substantial improvements in throughput, reduced travel times, and minimized intersection delays compared to traditional control methods. The integration of PGMs with DRL not only enhances decision-making processes but also improves scalability and robustness in real-time applications. This innovative approach lays a solid foundation for implementing adaptive and intelligent traffic management systems, paving the way for smarter urban infrastructures capable of handling evolving transportation demands.

关键词： Adaptation models Smart cities Computational modeling scalability Transportation Probabilistic logic Deep reinforcement learning Throughput Solids Robustness

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A Comparative Analysis of traffic Analysis Frameworks in Software-Defined Networking

A Comparative Analysis of Traffic Analysis Frameworks in Sof...

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Visual Analytics and Data Visualization (ICVADV), International conference on

作者： Gorli Uday Kumar Prabu. U Yadlapalli Leelakrishna Pagadam Siddu Geetha. V Department of CSE Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha School of Engineering Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education Vijayawada India Department of Information Technology Puducherry Technological University Puducherry India

ISBN: (数字)9798331521394

ISBN: (纸本)9798331521400

Software-defined networking (SDN) has emerged as a transformative paradigm in modern networking by decoupling the control plane from the data plane, enabling centralized control and programmability. This architectural shift addresses the increasing complexity and dynamic requirements of networks by offering enhanced flexibility, scalability, and efficiency. A crucial aspect of SDN is the analysis of network traffic, which plays a pivotal role in performance optimization, network management, and troubleshooting. Recent frameworks have leveraged metrics such as round-trip time, throughput, bandwidth, and packet count to provide insights into network behavior and efficiency. Among these, the RYU controller stands out for its extensibility and flexibility in supporting traffic analysis tasks. A comprehensive review of the various techniques used in SDN traffic analysis highlights their strengths and limitations in optimizing SDN network performance and management.

关键词： Reviews scalability Visual analytics Telecommunication traffic Throughput Routing Robustness Real-time systems Resource management Software defined networking

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Seamless High Availability in MySQL Database Systems: An Advanced Implementation of ProxySQL, Orchestrator, and Keepalived

Seamless High Availability in MySQL Database Systems: An Adv...

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Advancement in Data Science, E-learning and Information Systems (ICADEIS), International conference on

作者： Jeremy Loa Benfano Soewito Computer Science Department BINUS Graduate Program Bina Nusantara University Jakarta Indonesia

ISBN: (数字)9798331513320

ISBN: (纸本)9798331513337

High availability (HA) in MySQL databases remains a critical challenge, particularly due to risks such as single point of failure (SPOF) and limited scalability in existing setups. Previous studies have explored various approaches to address these issues. One study implemented ProxySQL and Orchestrator for query routing and failover but relied on a single server instance, creating a SPOF that could disrupt client access during failures. Another study implemented HAProxy to balance traffic and couple database servers with specific web applications. While effective for certain use cases, this approach reduced resource efficiency and scalability, because it relies on HTTP protocol and database server are coupled to each application, making it less suitable for dynamic, shared environments requiring high flexibility. These limitations highlight the need for a more robust and scalable HA solution. This paper proposes an improved HA architecture that eliminates SPOFs and enhances scalability by combining redundant ProxySQL instances synchronized with Keepalived managed Virtual ip (Vip) and automated failover using Orchestrator. The architecture allows shared database resources across multiple applications while decoupling them from specific application servers. Test results confirm the system's ability to maintain seamless failover, consistent query routing, and uninterrupted client access through dynamic Virtual ip reassignment to backup server. By addressing the issues of previous studies, this solution provides a practical and scalable framework to achieve high availability in the MySQL cluster by combing ProxySQL, Orchestrator, and Keepalived, making it suitable for modern enterprise environments.

关键词： Costs Databases scalability Query processing Robustness Servers ip networks Synchronization Stress Testing

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Comprehensive Security Analysis and Threat Mitigation Strategies for Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Environments

Comprehensive Security Analysis and Threat Mitigation Strate...

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International Symposium on Advanced Computing and Communication (ISACC)

作者： Ajit Karki Raktim Deb School of Information Technology The ICFAI University Sikkim Gangtok India School of Science and Technology The ICFAI University Tripura Agartala India

ISBN: (数字)9798331523893

ISBN: (纸本)9798331523909

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a new networking standard that significantly reduces the complexity of network administration tasks. SDN is considered a networking breakthrough. Additionally, it provides a flexible interface that allows for network innovation by controlling the network’s general behavior. However, for many years, traditional ip networks were difficult to maintain, prone to errors, and difficult to grow with new features. The idea is derived from the separation and abstraction of the data plane and the control of conventional network devices. Better segmentation, scalability, programmability, faster delivery, and increased service and experience quality are all advantages of this separation for network operations. To make system administrators' tasks more at ease, SDN has been suggested as a prospective standard for a symbolized and rationally integrated network administration plane. By separating the control and data planes, SDN enables network configuration through programmability. This paper provides a comprehensive explanation of SDN, covering its numerous levels and their purposes, to keep up with the new technologies accelerated development. Keywords: Software defined networking, control plane, Data plane, ip.

关键词： Technological innovation scalability Prevention and mitigation Robustness Security ip networks Software defined networking Trust management Protection Standards

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