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conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO EUROPE)

作者： A. Benz G. Fasching A.M. Andrews K. Unterrainer T. Roch W. Schrenk G. Strasser Photonics Institute and Center for Micro-and Nanostructures University of Technology Vienna Vienna Austria Institute of Solid-State Electronics and Center for Micro-and Nanostructures University of Technology Vienna Vienna Austria

The integration of photonic crystals (PC) and quantum-cascade lasers (QCL) can lead to a powerful set of new devices for various applications, such as multi-wavelength laser, detector arrays, on-chip integration and spectroscopy. The PCs are artificial crystals that have allowed and forbidden bands for the propagation of light. Typically PCs are built up by a regular pattern of air holes inside the active region of a QCL. Such structures have a complete bandgap for TE-modes only but not for TM-modes, which is the polarization of the inter-subband transitions in QCLs. Here we present the design and fabrication of a PC with a full bandgap for TM-modes to provide positive feedback for the active region. The PC is built up by a triangular lattice of rods surrounded by air. The ration r/a is 0.3 for all periods, where r is the radius of the rods and a the period of the crystal. The period has been varied from 22.18 can to 35.49 can. This structure has the first bandgap for TM-modes from 0.2 to 0.28 and the second one from 0.37 to 0.48 in terms of the normalized frequency f-a/c, where f is the frequency and c the speed of light. For the calculation of the bandstructure a 2D model has been used.

关键词： Photonic crystals Photonic band gap Quantum cascade lasers Power lasers Personal communication networks Frequency Optical arrays sensor arrays Spectroscopy Optical propagation

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Ultra-wideband source research

Ultra-wideband source research

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International conference on Pulsed Power

作者： W.D. Prather C.E. Baum J.M. Lehr J.P. O'Loughlin S. Tyo J.S.H. Schoenberg R.J. Torres T.C. Tran D.W. Scholfield J.W. Burger J. Gaudet Air Force Research Laboratory NM USA Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH US

Ultra-wideband (UWB) microwave sources and antennas are of interest for a variety of applications such as transient radar, mine detection and unexploded ordnance (UXO) location and identification. Much of the current research is being performed at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Kirtland AFB, NM, USA. The approach to high power source development has included high pressure gas switching, oil switching and solid-state switched arrays. Recent advances in triggered gas switch technology and solid-state-switched shockline technology have opened up new possibilities for the development of much higher power systems and have thus opened the door to many new applications. The research into UWB transient antennas has also made significant contributions to the development and improvement of wideband continuous wave (CW) antenna designs and has brought new knowledge about the complex behavior of ferrites, dielectrics and resistive materials in short pulse, very high voltage environments. This has in turn led to advances in the technology of transformers, transmission lines, insulators and UWB optics. This paper reviews the progress to date along these lines and discusses new areas of research into UWB technology development.

关键词： Ultra wideband technology Ultra wideband antennas Power system transients Radar antennas Switches Microwave antennas Radar applications Ultra wideband radar Radar detection Laboratories

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A new antagonistic actuator for robot control

A new antagonistic actuator for robot control

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IEEE conference on Decision and Control

作者： William H. Boykin Allon Guez System Dynamics Inc. Gainesville FL USA

The need for advances in actuators for robotic applications has been recognized by the research and development community for some time [Research Needed to Advance the state of Knowledge in Robotics, NSF Workshop, Rhode Island University, April, 1980]. A key limitation with existing actuator technology is the inability of these actuators to provide precision control especially under rapidly changing loads. The new actuation system proposed in this paper is of hydraulic type and works in much the same way as the human muscle system in precision control of a skeletal joint. Modular actuators are controlled in concert and antagonistically to provide high disturbance accomodation and precision motion. The system description is nonlinear and requires a unique non-linear disturbance utilization control law. An array of sensors are used in this control. Results indicate a significantly higher control fidelity for the antagonistic actuator than with conventional hydraulic actuators.

关键词： Robot control sensor arrays Control systems Hydraulic actuators Research and development Humans Muscles Joints Motion control Nonlinear control systems

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A 1/3-inch 1.3M pixel single-layer electrode CCD with a high-frame-rate skip mode

A 1/3-inch 1.3M pixel single-layer electrode CCD with a high...

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IEEE International conference on solid-state Circuits (ISSCC)

作者： K. Hatano M. Fummiya I. Murakami T. Kawasaki C. Ogawa Y. Nakashiba Nihon Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Minato-ku Tokyo JP ULSI Device Development Laboratory NEC Corporation Limited Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan

A 1/3-inch 1.3M pixel interline-transfer charge-coupled-device (IT-CCD) image sensor is described for digital camera applications. A 0.25 /spl mu/m-gap single-layer poly-Si is used for the CCD electrodes. The vertical CCD (V-CCD) of the image sensor has ten-phase metal wiring to enable various charge-transfer modes. We have now developed and tested a high-frame-rate skip mode (75 frame/s) and an advanced 3:1 interlaced-scan mode. We developed a method of separately implanting boron ions for the V-CCD and horizontal CCD (H-CCD) in single-layer electrode CCDs with small pixels, to maintain a high charge-transfer efficiency. Furthermore, reducing the pixel size degrades the light-gathering capability of the on-chip microlenses, reducing the sensitivity for a given camera-iris aperture (f number). A new thin-flattened-layer microlens improved the sensitivity of the device. At an f number of 1.4, for example, there was an 18% increase in sensitivity.

关键词： Electrodes Charge coupled devices Image sensors Lenses Microoptics Pixel Digital cameras Wiring Testing Boron

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A universal 3D imaging sensor on a silicon photonics platform

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Rogers, Christopher Piggott, Alexander Y. Thomson, David J. Wiser, Robert F. Opris, Ion E. Fortune, Steven A. Compston, Andrew J. Gondarenko, Alexander Meng, Fanfan Chen, Xia Reed, Graham T. Nicolaescu, Remus Pointcloud Inc San FranciscoCA94107 United States Optoelectronics Research Centre University of Southampton University Road Southampton HampshireSO17 1BJ United Kingdom Opris Consulting San JoseCA95138 United States

Accurate 3D imaging is essential for machines to map and interact with the physical world[1, 2]. While numerous 3D imaging technologies exist, each addressing niche applications with varying degrees of success, none have achieved the breadth of applicability and impact that digital image sensors have achieved in the 2D imaging world[3-10]. A large-scale two-dimensional array of coherent detector pixels operating as a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system could serve as a universal 3D imaging platform. Such a system would offer high depth accuracy and immunity to interference from sunlight, as well as the ability to directly measure the velocity of moving objects[11]. However, due to difficulties in providing electrical and photonic connections to every pixel, previous systems have been restricted to fewer than 20 pixels[12-15]. Here, we demonstrate the first large-scale coherent detector array consisting of 512 (32×16) pixels, and its operation in a 3D imaging system. Leveraging recent advances in the monolithic integration of photonic and electronic circuits, a dense array of optical heterodyne detectors is combined with an integrated electronic readout architecture, enabling straightforward scaling to arbitrarily large arrays. Meanwhile, two-axis solid-state beam steering eliminates any tradeoff between field of view and range. Operating at the quantum noise limit[16, 17], our system achieves an accuracy of 3.1 mm at a distance of 75 metres using only 4 mW of light, an order of magnitude more accurate than existing solid-state systems at such ranges. Future reductions of pixel size using state-of-the-art components could yield resolutions in excess of 20 megapixels for arrays the size of a consumer camera sensor. This result paves the way for the development and proliferation of low cost, compact, and high performance 3D imaging cameras, enabling new applications from robotics and autonomous navigation to augmented reality and healthcare. Copyright © 2020, Th

关键词： Pixels

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Hard-soldered InGaAsP single-emitter diode lasers on CTE-matched heatsinks deliver record power

Hard-soldered InGaAsP single-emitter diode lasers on CTE-mat...

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IEEE Photonics conference (IPC)

作者： Paul Leisher Damian Wise Kirk Price Weimin Dong Mike Grimshaw Steve Patterson NLight Corporation Vancouver WA USA

applications such as direct pumping of rare-earth doped solid state and fiber lasers are driving development of higher power commercial diode lasers operating in the 1400 -nm to 2000 -nm band. In this work, we report on recent progress in high-power hard-soldered InGaAsP-based single emitter diode lasers. Peak continuous wave (CW) powers of 4 W, 2.3 W, and 1.4 W are measured at 25 degC for lasers operating at 1470 nm, 1700 nm, and 1940 nm, respectively. Quasi-continuous wave (QCW) power at 1700 -nm in excess of >10 W (peak) is reported from a single 150 -mum stripe emitter and >150W (peak) in a 16 emitter array configuration.

关键词： Diode lasers Heat sinks Power lasers Laser excitation solid state circuits Fiber lasers Pump lasers solid lasers Quantum cascade lasers Semiconductor laser arrays

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Single-photon sampling architecture for solid-state imaging sensors

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED stateS OF AMERICA 2013年第30期110卷 E2752-E2761页

作者： van den Berg, Ewout Candes, Emmanuel Chinn, Garry Levin, Craig Olcott, Peter Demetri Sing-Long, Carlos Stanford Univ Dept Math Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Dept Stat Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Dept Elect Engn Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Dept Radiol Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Dept Bioengn Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Inst Computat & Math Engn Stanford CA 94305 USA

Advances in solid-state technology have enabled the development of silicon photomultiplier sensor arrays capable of sensing individual photons. Combined with high-frequency time-to-digital converters (TDCs), this technology opens up the prospect of sensors capable of recording with high accuracy both the time and location of each detected photon. Such a capability could lead to significant improvements in imaging accuracy, especially for applications operating with low photon fluxes such as light detection and ranging and positron-emission tomography. The demands placed on on-chip readout circuitry impose stringent trade-offs between fill factor and spatiotemporal resolution, causing many contemporary designs to severely underuse the technology's full potential. Concentrating on the low photon flux setting, this paper leverages results from group testing and proposes an architecture for a highly efficient readout of pixels using only a small number of TDCs. We provide optimized design instances for various sensor parameters and compute explicit upper and lower bounds on the number of TDCs required to uniquely decode a given maximum number of simultaneous photon arrivals. To illustrate the strength of the proposed architecture, we note a typical digitization of a 60 x 60 photodiode sensor using only 142 TDCs. The design guarantees registration and unique recovery of up to four simultaneous photon arrivals using a fast decoding algorithm. By contrast, a cross-strip design requires 120 TDCs and cannot uniquely decode any simultaneous photon arrivals. Among other realistic simulations of scintillation events in clinical positron-emission tomography, the above design is shown to recover the spatiotemporal location of 99.98% of all detected photons.

关键词： multiplexing single-photon detection superimposed codes

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3D realtime imaging system with PSD array combined with charge amplifier array

3D realtime imaging system with PSD array combined with char...

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IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology conference

作者： S. Mizuno H. Funakoshi K. Yamamoto Solid State Division The 5th Development Group Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. Hamamatsu Japan

A new combination of PSD (Position Sensitive Device) array sensor and newly developed analog CMOS IC to capture an object's 3 dimensional shape is proposed. The CMOS charge sensitive amplifiers are designed to read out the PSD signal current with high speed and accuracy. The CMOS IC which consists of 256 individual charge sensitive amplifiers with a 100 um pitch. More than 60 dB of Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio and less than 3 mV variance of the offset voltage could be obtained. The primary purpose of this new compact combination is to provide handicapped people (blind or legally blind) with a means of recognizing objects without actually coming in contact with them.< >

关键词： Switches sensor arrays Shape Optical amplifiers Analog integrated circuits CMOS integrated circuits Image sensors Charge coupled devices CMOS analog integrated circuits Voltage

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Comparison of different design methodologies of hardware-based image processing for automation in microrobotics

Comparison of different design methodologies of hardware-bas...

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IEEE/ASME (AIM) International conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics

作者： Tobias Tiemerding Claas Diederichs Christian Stehno Sergej Fatikow Division Microrobotics and Control Engineering University of Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany CoSynth Embedded Systems GmbH & Company KG Oldenburg Germany

Object-detection and classification is a key task in micro- and nanohandling. The microscopy image is often the only available sensor to detect information about the positions and orientations of objects. FPGA-based image processing is superior to state of the art PC-based image processing in terms of achievable update rate, latency and jitter. development of specialized FPGA solutions for object detection and tracking using a hardware-description language is time consuming and requires deep knowledge of the target system. Using SystemC, a C++ based class library, fast implementation with less knowledge of the system is possible. However, the gain in development speed is accompanied by higher resource usage of the FPGA and lower performance regarding computation speed. In this paper, several image processing algorithms are implemented in both manners and are compared regarding achievable update-rate, resource consumption and development time. The SystemC implementations could be implemented twice as fast and with less knowledge about the system. The increased resource usage of SystemC is negligible for small series and prototyping applications, while the decreased computation speed may be problematic for high-speed applications.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays Hardware Image edge detection Morphology Libraries Algorithm design and analysis

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Enhancement of PDE and Noise Characteristics by Trench Guide with 2×2 Small Lens Array and Backside Pixel Isolation for 7μm SPAD Pixel

Enhancement of PDE and Noise Characteristics by Trench Guide...

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European conference on solid-state Circuits (ESSCIRC)

作者： Hanseung Lee Jongchae Kim Jaehyung Jang Kyungsu Byun Jongmin An Sueon Hwang Jaehyun Park Hoonmoo Choi Sunho Oh Suhyun Yi Yongtae Gim Namil Kim Pyongsu Kwag Minkyu Kim Sangyeong Lee Jihee Han Minsang Yu Taejun Baek Ahyoung Cho Seunghyun Yoon Sooyoung Park Seokhyeon Kim Kwangjun Cho Kyung-Do Kim Wonje Park Juhyun Cho Hoesam Jeong Hoon-Sang Oh Changrock Song SK hynix CIS Development CIS Pixel PI Team Process Development Team Icheon-si Korea

ISBN: (数字)9798350388138

ISBN: (纸本)9798350388145

We present an optimized Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) process for $7 \mu \mathrm{~m}$ Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) pixel. We achieved a Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) more than two times higher by using a Trench Guide (TG) and a $2 \times 2$ Small Lens Array (SLA) as optical structures. Additionally, we physically divided the pixels using Backside Pixel Isolation (BPI), which reduced both electrical and optical crosstalk, improving the noise characteristics of the SPAD sensor. Finally, we achieved a PDE of 26.4% at $\lambda=940 \mathrm{~nm}, \mathrm{Vex}=2.5 \mathrm{~V}$, and an error rate of less than 0.4% in the average depth accuracy performance of the SPAD sensor.

关键词： Error analysis Noise Optical device fabrication Optical crosstalk Optical imaging Optical sensors Optical noise Single-photon avalanche diodes Optical arrays Lenses

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