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developments in localisation sensor systems

sensor REVIEW 2008年第2期28卷 98-101页

作者： Connolly, Christine Stalactite Technologies Ltd Wakefield UK

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to report the development trends and emerging applications of non-GPS localisation sensors. Design/methodology/approach - The principles of gyroscopes and micro-electro-mechanical systems-based inertial sensors are introduced, followed by a review of products from various companies, and their applications. Findings - Highly integrated systems in robust solid-state materials are being packed into smaller housings, opening up new applications for inertial navigation sensors. The Kalman filter algorithm is widely used to remove noise from multi-sensor data and provide reliable attitude and heading measurements. applications range from stabilising cameras and detecting the motion of towed sonar arrays, to autonomous robot navigation, motion analysis in sports science, and navigating first-response rescue workers in disaster zones. Originality/value - Concentrates on non-GPS localisation technology, and shows that new developments are revolutionising position-finding and position-controlling applications.

关键词： intelligent sensors localization measurement

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Frequency counting interrogation techniques applied to gas sensor arrays

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 1999年第1-3期57卷 75-82页

作者： Amrani, MEH Payne, PA Dowdeswell, RM Hoffman, AD UMIST Dept Instrumentat & Analyt Sci Manchester M60 1QD Lancs England HD Technol Ltd Manchester M22 5PP Lancs England

This paper presents a simple, elegant interrogation technique for conducting polymer gas sensor arrays which takes advantage of their resistive and capacitive properties. To accomplish this, a four-channel Wien bridge oscillator system has been designed and constructed in which the conducting polymer sensor forms one of the arms of the bridge circuit. As gas or odour molecules adsorb and desorb from the sensor surface, the resistance and capacitance changes cause a consequent change in the Wien bridge oscillator frequency which is readily measured. Results of experiments using several volatile species are reported herein. Methods of improving the sensitivity of the oscillator-based approach have also been investigated and preliminary results of these investigations are also reported. The approach that has been adopted is applicable to any other form of sensor where the electrical properties change in response to a stimulus. Many other forms of phase shift oscillator can also be employed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wien bridge oscillators gas sensor arrays sensitivity improvements increased discrimination

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An 800k-pixel color CMOS sensor for consumer still cameras.

An 800k-pixel color CMOS sensor for consumer still cameras.

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conference on solid state sensor arrays - development and applications

作者： Hurwitz, JED Denyer, PB Baxter, DJ Townsend, G VLSI Vision Ltd Aviation House 31 Pinkhill Edinburgh United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)0819424307

An 800k-pixel Active Pixel device has been developed for use in a Digital Still Camera application. A mode of operation has been developed to cancel the problems of Fixed Patterned Noise (FPN) and dark current inherent to this type of CMOS imaging array. A time multiplexed read-out mechanism allows the device to operate at 5 Mpix/s and still settle to within 0.1%. The device, with a full well of approximately 100K electrons, is capable of delivering a S/N of 66dB, and a sensitivity of approximately 50mV/lux at 50mS exposure. The sensor is covered with a color mosaic to allow an accurate recovery of a color image. This sensor makes new in-roads for CMOS imaging into areas traditionally occupied by CCD's.

关键词： CMOS sensors Active Pixels image sensors Digital Still Cameras

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solid-state TRITIUM DETECTOR FOR BIOMEDICAL applications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 1994年第4期41卷 1494-1499页

作者： GORDON, JS FARRELL, R DALEY, K OAKES, CE Radiation Monitoring Devices Inc Watertown MA USA

Radioactive labeling of proteins is a very important technique used in biomedical research to identify, isolate, and investigate the expression and properties of proteins in biological systems. In such procedures, the preferred radiolabel is often tritium. Presently, binding assays involving tritium are carried out using inconvenient and expensive techniques which rely on the use of scintillation fluid counting systems. This traditional method involves both time-consuming laboratory protocols and the generation of substantial quantities of radioactive and chemical waste. We have developed a novel technology to measure the tritium content of biological specimens that does not rely on scintillation fluids. The tritiated samples can be positioned directly under a large area, monolithic array of specially prepared avalanche photodiodes (APDs) which record the tritium activity distribution at each point within the field of view of the array. The 1 mm2 sensing elements exhibit an intrinsic tritium beta detection efficiency of 27% with high gain uniformity and very low cross talk.

关键词： solid state circuits sensor arrays Proteins Beta rays Labeling solid scintillation detectors Chemicals Biomedical measurements Avalanche photodiodes Biology

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All solid state imaging infrared/imaging LADAR sensor system

All solid state imaging infrared/imaging LADAR sensor system

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conference on Optical Sensing

作者： Barenz, J Baumann, R Imkenberg, F Krogmann, D Tholl, HD Bodenseewerk Geraetetech GmbH D-88641 Uberlingen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819453811

A compact dual mode sensor is under development at BGT addressing autonomous guidance, target detection and classification/identification for several military and civilian applications. The dual mode sensor consists of an imaging infrared sensor and an imaging Ladar sensor both in snapshot mode. This paper presents the concept of the dual mode sensor and shows the current development status. Critical components such as a compact laser source, fiber-array for image plane sampling, wavelength selective infrared beam splitter and micro-lens arrays for Ladar field-of-view steering are presented in detail.

关键词： dual mode sensor 3D-Ladar fiber amplifier fiber-array micro-lens array autonomous guidance autonomous target recognition

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Modeling and estimation of FPN components in CMOS image sensors

Modeling and estimation of FPN components in CMOS image sens...

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conference on solid state sensor arrays - development and applications II

作者： El Gamal, A Fowler, B Min, H Liu, XQ Stanford Univ Informat Syst Lab Stanford CA 94305 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819427411

Fixed pattern noise (FPN) for a CCD sensor is modeled as a sample of a spatial white noise process. This model is, however, not adequate for characterizing FPN in CMOS sensors, since the readout circuitry of CMOS sensors and CCDs are very different. The paper presents a model for CMOS FPN as the sum of two components: a column and a pixel component. Each component is modeled by a first order isotropic autoregressive random process, and each component is assumed to be uncorrelated with the other. The parameters of the processes characterize each component of the FPN and the correlations between neighboring pixels and neighboring columns for a batch of sensors. We show how to estimate the model parameters from a set of measurements, and report estimates for 64x64 passive pixel sensor (PPS) and active pixel sensor (APS) test structures implemented in a 0.35 micron CMOS process. High spatial correlations between pixel components were measured for the PPS structures, and between the column components in both PPS and APS. The APS pixel components were uncorrelated.

关键词： CMOS image sensor fixed pattern noise nonuniformity image sensor characterization

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Carbon Nanotube-Based Ion Selective sensors for Wearable applications

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ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017年第40期9卷 35169-35177页

作者： Roy, Soumyendu David-Pur, Moshe Hanein, Yael Tel Aviv Univ Sch Elect Engn IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel Tel Aviv Univ Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel

Wearable electronics offer new opportunities in a wide range of applications, especially sweat analysis using skin sensors. A fundamental challenge in these applications is the formation of sensitive and stable electrodes. In this article we report the development of a wearable sensor based on carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode arrays for sweat sensing. solid-state ion selective electrodes (ISEs), sensitive to Na+ ions, were prepared by drop coating plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) doped with ionophore and ion exchanger on CNT electrodes. The ion selective membrane (ISM) filled the intertubular spaces of the highly porous CNT film and formed an attachment that was stronger than that achieved with flat Au, Pt, or carbon electrodes. Concentration of the ISM solution used influenced the attachment to the CNT film, the ISM surface morphology, and the overall performance of the sensor. Sensitivity of 56 +/- 3 mV/decade to Na+ ions was achieved. Optimized solid-state reference electrodes (REs), suitable for wearable applications, were prepared by coating CNT electrodes with colloidal dispersion of Ag/AgCl, agarose hydrogel with 0.5 M NaCl, and a passivation layer of PVC doped with NaCl. The CNT-based REs had low sensitivity (-1.7 +/- 1.2 mV/decade) toward the NaCl solution and high repeatability and were superior to bare Ag/AgCl, metals, carbon, and CNT films, reported previously as REs. CNT-based ISEs were calibrated against CNT-based REs, and the short-term stability of the system was tested. We demonstrate that CNT-based devices implemented on a flexible support are a very attractive platform for future wearable technology devices.

关键词： ion-selective electrode solid contact carbon nanotube solid reference electrode wearable device electrochemical sensor

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solid state IMAGE SENSING: A NEW AND VERSATILE TOOL FOR SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.

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1974年 716-721页

作者： Weckler, Gene P.

Recent developments pertaining to solid state image sensors are reviewed. Advances in signal processing are discussed and characteristics and performance of typical sensor arrays are presented. New and novel applications ranging from scientific instruments to non-contact measurements for industrial process control. The basic device consists of a silicon chip containing a row of photodiodes and a parallel shift register. Connected to each stage of the shift register is the gate of an MOS switch which couples the adjacent photodiode to a common video line. Both linear and area arrays have emerged from the development stage. New and novel applications ranging from scientific instruments to non-contact measurements for industrial process control are described and illustrated.

关键词： SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES, PHOTODIODE

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Improving resolution of solid-state linear array X-Ray detectors

Improving resolution of solid-state linear array X-Ray detec...

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conference on solid state sensor arrays - development and applications II

作者： Borras, G Odet, C Vuorinen, K Gaffiot, F Jacquemod, G Inst Natl Sci Appl CREATIS F-69621 Villeurbanne France

ISBN: (纸本)0819427411

Linear solid-state detectors are nowadays a widespread media in industrial and medical X-ray imaging. The resolution reached with this systems has been largely improved in this past years, but is still too poor for some high resolution applications. We first have carried out an optimization of the detector characteristics through a behavioral simulation using a Hardware Description Language (HDLA(TM)). Furthermore, our work concerned the resolution enhancement for this kind of detectors via signal processing. Our approach takes into account the modeled point spread function (PSF) of the system. This modeled PSF is obtained with a new edge technique. The knowledge about the system response is used in a restoration scheme in order to improve the response of the detector to the high frequencies in the digital image. The restoration problem is an ill posed problem and uses an inverse Wiener filtering. Another intrinsic limitation of solid-state detectors is the spatial sampling step. In order to overcome this problem, we also tested the feasibility of a finer sampling of the acquired image, by interlacing several slightly shifted acquisitions of the same test object. The restoration applied to this finer sampled signal results in a resolution enhancement that is theoretically impossible to reach with a single detector acquisition. Some experimental results obtained on a variable bar-space pattern phantom are presented. This kind of phantom allows for a precise evaluation of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) on the acquired and processed images. The contribution of the image processing to the resolution enhancement can thus be quantified.

关键词： simulation behavioral CCD X-ray MTF image restoration

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A Compact 500 MHz 65 kW solid-state Power Amplifier for Accelerator applications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2016年第2期63卷 699-706页

作者： Gaspar, M. Garvey, T. Paul Scherrer Inst Dept Large Res Facil GFA CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

The Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) currently operates a klystron amplifier on the booster ring of the Swiss Light Source (SLS). In order to have an optional radio frequency (RF) source for the booster cavity, we have been developing a compact 500 MHz 65 kW solid state RF amplifier. An important goal in this development is the optimization of efficiency at any given operating point. In order to achieve this, each RF module has been equipped with its own direct-current (DC) Power Supply Controller (PS Controller), providing sufficient intelligence (control logic, monitoring of sensors, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion, interlock check, etc.) to adjust the drain and bias voltages in a fully independent and automatic way. With this technique it is possible to maximize the overall efficiency at any given RF output power. Considerable effort has been made in order to obtain extensive measurements from each individual module with the aim of investigating the behaviour of such a large number of combined arrays. We will discuss the amplifier design and present the results of measurements.

关键词： Accelerator technology efficiency high frequency high power MOSFET RF amplifier solid state synchrotron light sources

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