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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： Bin Qu Ying Huang Weiyuan Wang Prateek Sharma Andrew T. Kuhls-Gilcrist Alexander N. Cartwright Albert H. Titus Daniel R. Bednarek Stephen Rudin Department of Electrical Engineering State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA Departments of Physiology and Biophysics State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA Toshiba America Medical Systems Inc. Tustin CA USA Toshiba Stroke research center State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA Departments of Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA Departments of Radiology Neurosurgery Physiology and Biophysics State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA Departments of Radiology Mechanical and AeroSpace Engineering Electrical Engineering Biomedical Engineering Physiology and Biophysics and Neurosurgery State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA

Use of an extensible array of Electron Multiplying CCDs (EMCCDs) in medical x-ray imager applications was demonstrated for the first time. The large variable electronic-gain (up to 2000) and small pixel size of EMCCDs provide effective suppression of readout noise compared to signal, as well as high resolution, enabling the development of an x-ray detector with far superior performance compared to conventional x-ray image intensifiers and flat panel detectors. We are developing arrays of EMCCDs to overcome their limited field of view (FOV). In this work we report on an array of two EMCCD sensors running simultaneously at a high frame rate and optically focused on a mammogram film showing calcified ducts. The work was conducted on an optical table with a pulsed LED bar used to provide a uniform diffuse light onto the film to simulate x-ray projection images. The system can be selected to run at up to 17.5 frames per second or even higher frame rate with binning. Integration time for the sensors can be adjusted from 1 ms to 1000 ms. Twelve-bit correlated double sampling AD converters were used to digitize the images, which were acquired by a National Instruments dual-channel Camera Link PC board in real time. A user-friendly interface was programmed using LabVIEW to save and display 2K × 1K pixel matrix digital images. The demonstration tiles a 2 × 1 array to acquire increased-FOV stationary images taken at different gains and fluoroscopic-like videos recorded by scanning the mammogram simultaneously with both sensors. The results show high resolution and high dynamic range images stitched together with minimal adjustments needed. The EMCCD array design allows for expansion to an M×N array for arbitrarily larger FOV, yet with high resolution and large dynamic range maintained.

关键词： arrays X-ray imaging Image resolution Optical sensors Optical films

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The science, technology, and applications of Terawatt-class pulsed power drivers at Sandia National Laboratories

The science, technology, and applications of Terawatt-class ...

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IEEE Symposium Power Modulator

作者： M. K. Matzen M. G. Mazarakis J. E. Bailey M. E. Cuneo M. P. Desjarlais S. F. Glover M. C. Herrmann B. M. Jones M. D. Knudson J. J. Leckbee B. V. Oliver J. L. Porter G. A. Rochau L. X. Schneider D. B. Sinars W. A. Stygar M. A. Sweeney R. A. Vesey J. R. Woodworth Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA

There has been significant progress in the past few years in the development and application of Terawatt-class pulsed power generators. Sandia's flagship is the Z facility, which was recently refurbished to improve its energy, power (~100 TWe), reliability, and precision. We are now routinely performing one shot per day, obtaining load currents as high as 26 MA to create high magnetic fields (>; 1000 Tesla) and pressures (10s of Mbar). In a z-pinch configuration, the magnetic pressure (Lorentz Force) supersonically implodes a plasma created from a cylindrical wire array or liner, which at stagnation generates a plasma with energy densities as high as 10 MJ/cm 3 and temperatures exceeding 1 keV at 0.1% of solid density. These plasma implosions can produce over 2 MJ of x-ray energy at powers greater than 200 TW for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), radiation hydrodynamics, radiation-material interaction, Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE), and astrophysics experiments. In an alternate configuration, the large magnetic pressure is used to directly drive Isentropic Compression Experiments (ICE) to pressures greater than 6 Mbar or accelerate flyer plates to velocities as high as 45 km/s for equation of state experiments at pressures as high as 20 Mbar. This research and development is performed in collaboration with many other research groups from large laboratories and universities around the world. This paper summarizes research performed with Z and more recently with the refurbished Z facility, advances in high photon-energy radiography, derivative applications of the pulsed power program, and advances in the science of pulsed power that could revolutionize the next generation facilities.

关键词： solid modeling arrays Three dimensional displays Load modeling Physics Magnetic confinement

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Investigation, design, and commercialization of actively-enhanced solid-state gas sensor arrays

Investigation, design, and commercialization of actively-enh...

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作者： Blackburn, Bryan Michael University of Florida

学位级别：Ph.D.

Low cost, high-performance gas sensors are needed for many applications in order to quantify (parts per billion, ppb, to parts per million, ppm) concentrations of individual species in complex gas mixtures. These devices must often function reliably over long periods of time (e.g., months to years) without any possibility for recalibration (i.e., they must be stable). Such gas sensors are significant for many applications and industries, including possible improvements in energy efficiency, pollutant emissions, process control, disease diagnostics, and more. This work involved the development of methods to “actively” enhance the performance of potentiometric gas sensors. Such devices, based on coupling two electrodes (either metals and/or semiconducting oxides) to a solid electrolyte, have been studied in one form or another for over 100 years; though only recently have breakthroughs provided insight into the development of solid-state gas sensors capable of selectively quantifying low levels of individual species of interest in complex gas mixtures. In this work, local modifications in temperature and the electric field about the sensing electrodes were explored to enhance device performance. This involved the fabrication and testing of many devices, including prototype multifunctional gas sensor arrays for selectively detecting multiple gas species (e.g., NO and NO 2) in the presence of others. Electrical properties of the devices provided insight into the mechanisms behind the “active” enhancements. Several surface science techniques were used to further investigate the sensing mechanisms of the devices and the “active” enhancement methods for the sensors and potentially other solid-state ionic devices. During the course of the work, materials were developed for use with a cutting-edge direct-write tool for rapid prototyping of solid-state ionic devices, including gas sensors and solid oxide fuel cells. Finally, R&D procedures were improved through automated expe

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applications of a novel cell micropatterning process for long-term neuron and cell culture

Applications of a novel cell micropatterning process for lon...

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TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 15th International conference on solid-state sensors, Actuators and Microsystems

作者： Chang, W.C. Sretavan, D.W. Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology Neuroscience and Bioengineering Programs University of California San Francisco CA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781424441938

We show several applications for a unique method for creating user-friendly, micropatterned substrates for neuron and cell culture. With neurons, we demonstrated that our micropatterns can separate cell bodies and axons while organizing them in orderly arrays for easy experimentation. These micropatterned neuron cultures also persisted for weeks, enabling maturation and development of presynaptic structures and potentially allowing the explicit design of neuronal circuits. Beyond neurons, we also demonstrated the culture of fibroblasts on the patterned substrates and showed that these cell types likewise remained viable and highly compliant to a variety micropatterns. ©2009 IEEE.

关键词： Cell culture

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A 4-side tileable back illuminated 3d-integrated Mpixel CMOS image sensor

A 4-side tileable back illuminated 3d-integrated Mpixel CMOS...

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2009 IEEE International solid-state Circuits conference ISSCC 2009

作者： Vyshnavi, Suntharalingam Robert, Berger Stewart, Clark Jeffrey, Knecht Andrew, Messier Kevin, Newcomb Dennis, Rathman Richard, Slattery Antonio, Soares Charles, Stevenson Keith, Warner Douglas, Young Lin, Ping Ang Barmak, Mansoorian David, Shaver MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington MA United States Irvine Sensors Costa Mesa CA United States Forza Silicon Pasadena CA United States

ISBN: (纸本)1424434580

The dominant trend with conventional image sensors is toward scaled-down pixel sizes to increase spatial resolution and decrease chip size and cost. While highly capable chips, these monolithic image sensors devote substantial perimeter area to signal acquisition and control circuitry and trade off pixel complexity for fill factor. For applications such as wide-area persistent surveillance, reconnaissance, and astronomical sky surveys it is desirable to have simultaneous near-real-time imagery with fast, wide field-of-view coverage. Since the fabrication of a complex large-format sensor on a single piece of silicon is cost and yield-prohibitive and is limited to the wafer size, for these applications many smaller-sized image sensors are tiled together to realize very large arrays. Ideally the tiled image sensor has no missing pixels and the pixel pitch is continuous across the seam to minimize loss of information content. CCD-based imagers have been favored for these large mosaic arrays because of their low noise and high sensitivity, but CMOS-based image sensors bring architectural benefits, including electronic shutters, enhanced radiation tolerance, and higher data-rate digital outputs that are more easily scalable to larger arrays. In this report the first back-illuminated, 1 Mpixel, 3D-integrated CMOS image sensor with 8 mum-pitch 3D via connections. The chip employs a conventional pixel layout and requires 500 mum of perimeter silicon to house the support circuitry and protect the array from saw damage. In this paper we present a back-illuminated 1 Mpixel CMOS image sensor tile that includes a 64-channel vertically integrated ADC chip stack, and requires only a few pixels of silicon perimeter to the pixel array. The tile and system connector design support 4-side abuttability and fast burst data rates.

关键词： CMOS image sensors sensor arrays Image sensors Pixel Silicon Costs Circuits Tiles Spatial resolution Surveillance

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Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers: Interconnecting solid state Electronics with Biosystems

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JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009年第8期9卷 5038-5046页

作者： Cassell, Alan M. Li, Jun Nguyen-Vu, Thuy-Duong Barbara Koehne, Jessica E. Chen, Hua Andrews, Russell Meyyappan, M. Univ Calif Santa Cruz UARC NASA Ames Res Ctr Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Kansas State Univ Dept Chem Manhattan KS 66506 USA

Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are grown directly on prefabricated electronic circuits with nanoscale precision. Utilizing the free-standing nanofiber array geometry, we have demonstrated the detection of nucleic acids to construct an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor. Extending this technology towards in vivo applications, we have modified the free-standing VACNF arrays in order to achieve a multifunctional three dimensional (3-D) matrix that interpenetrates the neuronal network of PC12 cells. We found that PC12 cells cultured on the nanofiber arrays can form an extended neural network upon proper chemical and biochemical modification. The soft 3-D nanofiber array architecture provides a novel platform to fine-tune the topographical, mechanical, chemical, and electrical cues at sub-cellular scales. This biomaterial platform can be used for both fundamental studies of nanomaterial-cell interactions and the development of multifunctional, chronically stable implantable devices. The application of these devices and potential utility as a multifunctional platform for neurophysiology and biochemical studies will be discussed.

关键词： Neural Interface Carbon Nanofiber Vertically Aligned Polypyrrole Nucleic Acid Detection Electrochemical Methods Neurotransmitter Dopamine Implantable Electrode PC12 Cells Biocompatibility

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An array of monolithic FBAR-CMOS oscillators for mass-sensing applications

An array of monolithic FBAR-CMOS oscillators for mass-sensin...

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TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 15th International conference on solid-state sensors, Actuators and Microsystems

作者： Johnston, M.L. Kymissis, I. Shepard, K.L. Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University New York NY United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781424441938

We present a monolithic, solidly-mounted CMOS-FBAR oscillator array for mass sensing applications. Thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (FBAR) are and effective platform for sensitive biological and chemical detection, where their high operating frequencies make them many times more sensitive than a quartz crystal microbalance. By monolithic integration with CMOS drive circuitry, we aim to overcome the spatial limitations of externally-coupled resonators to build dense sensor arrays without specialized fabrication techniques. The sensors in this work are constructed in a 6 x 4 array atop a 0.18m CMOS active substrate, and mass sensitivity comparable to off-chip FBAR sensors is demonstrated. ©2009 IEEE.

关键词： CMOS integrated circuits

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solid state photomultipliers and Geiger photodiodes with integrated readout and signal processing

Solid State photomultipliers and Geiger photodiodes with int...

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conference on Silicon Photonics IV

作者： Stapels, C. J. Johnson, E. B. Mukhopadhyay, S. Linsay, P. S. Chapman, E. C. Christian, J. F. RMD Inc Watertown MA 02472 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819474667

CMOS Geiger avalanche photodiodes (GPD), and parallel arrays of GPDs - a solid-state photomultiplier - are high-gain, high-sensitivity, versatile light sensors. applications include readout of scintillation materials for nuclear detection and gamma ray imaging, scanning of biological fluorescence including flow cytometry, and as LIDAR sensors. Manufacturing such devices in CMOS provides the possibility of direct integration of signal processing and readout electronics monolithically with the sensor. Recently, RMD has fabricated SSPM arrays with pixel-level conditioning. For example, comparators at the pixel level are used, as described in this work, to condition the signal. These active pixel elements provide active quenching of the Geiger avalanche, increase dynamic range, and can suppress afterpulsing by the application of a long gate. A conditioned signal can also isolate the output from the temperature fluctuations that are often associated with silicon devices. We examine the performance of these integrated circuits at the pixel level and at the level of the whole sensor. Preliminary results show that sources of electronic noise are drastically reduced. The resulting isolation of the processed signals from bias and temperature fluctuations is presented.

关键词： APD GPD SSPM CMOS signal processing single-photon detection

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Fabrication of 3-dimensional silicon microelectrode arrays using micro electro discharge machining for neural applications

Fabrication of 3-dimensional silicon microelectrode arrays u...

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TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 15th International conference on solid-state sensors, Actuators and Microsystems

作者： Tathireddy, Prashant Rakwal, D. Bamberg, E. Solzbacher, F. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Utah Salt Lake City UT United States Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Utah Salt Lake City UT United States Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Utah Salt Lake City UT United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781424441938

Ultra high aspect ratio microelectrodes are designed and fabricated to record and stimulate neural signals from deeper areas of the brain and nerves and also to provide a new research tool to the neuroscience community. We present a fabrication process to build ultra high aspect ratio silicon based microelectrode arrays for the neural applications. The μ-wire electrical discharge machining (μ-WEDM) process enables machining electrodes from highly conductive bulk silicon. The electrodes are electrically isolated near their base by glass. Thin, needle-shaped and smooth silicon microelectrodes are realized with an optimized chemical etching process. ©2009 IEEE.

关键词： Silicon

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applications of SU-8 in the development of a Single Ion Hit Facility

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2009年第12-13期267卷 2117-2121页

作者： Arteaga-Marrero, N. Astromskas, G. Olsson, M. G. Elfman, M. Kristiansson, P. Nilsson, E. J. C. Nilsson, C. Pallon, J. Lund Univ Div Nucl Phys Dept Phys SE-22100 Lund Sweden Lund Univ Div Solid State Phys Dept Phys SE-22100 Lund Sweden Lund Univ Dept Infect Med SE-22184 Lund Sweden

The Lund Nuclear Microprobe (LNM) has been adapted to be used as a Single Ion Hit Facility (SIHF) for proton cell irradiation experiments at low dose. In order to test the capabilities of the system, Ni dot arrays and artificial cells have been fabricated with the photopolymer SU-8 and common lithographic techniques. The primary purpose of the Ni dot arrays was to determine the targeting accuracy of the beam in vacuum and in air. Additionally, this sample was employed to evaluate the system performance during cell target irradiation experiments. The Ni dot arrays were also used for beam characterization. The artificial cells were originally fabricated to test the software for cell recognition and localization, developed and implemented at the LNM. However, this sample became very functional to make small adjustments at the irradiation chamber for cell irradiation experiments. A description of the samples, fabrication procedure and applications are presented in this paper. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Single Ion Hit Facility (SIHF) Cell irradiation SU-8 PMMA EBL

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