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Pyroelectric infrared detectors based on lithium tantalate: state of the art and prospects

conference on Detectors and Associated Signal Processing

作者： Norkus, V Tech Univ Dresden Inst Solid State Elect D-01062 Dresden Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819451355

This paper gives an overview of the most important results obtained in the development of pyroelectric single-element detectors and arrays (up to 256 responsive elements) at the Institute for solid-state Electronics at the Dresden University of Technology. Since the late 1970s, the Institute has been carrying out a wide range of research and development work in this area. This work aimed at the development of sensor technologies which allow the construction and cost-efficient manufacturing of long-term stable detectors with a high signal-to-noise ratio. It is shown that a flexible sensor technology has been developed on the basis of lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) which allows to adjust the detector layout and its properties to the planned application in the best possible way. This applies to the number and geometry of the responsive elements and also to the spectral responsitivity, the noise and the spatial resolution of the detectors.

关键词： pyroelectric infrared detector linear array multispectral detector

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solid state ionic devices for combustion gas sensing

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solid state IONICS 2004年第1-4期175卷 487-490页

作者： Garzon, FH Mukundan, R Lujan, R Brosha, EL Los Alamos Natl Lab Elect & Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp Los Alamos NM 87545 USA

We have performed extensive research on the development of new types of solid state combustion gas sensors over the last decade. The combination of new electrode materials, insights from sensor studies equipped with auxiliary reference electrodes, heterogeneous catalysis measurements and theoretical analysis has enabled the development of novel gas sensors at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The substitution of electronic conducting oxides for Pt electrodes has extended the applications of Nernstian-type zirconia oxygen sensors to high temperatures >900 degreesC and high sulfur environments. Novel sensor geometries that allow for gas diffusion through a porous electrolyte to a dense electrode improve the performance of mixed potential type sensors. We have also developed porous electrolyte potentiometric sensors that detect non-methane hydrocarbon gases in exhaust streams. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： sensors combustion platinum hydrocarbons carbon monoxide oxygen

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Homeland security, olfactory images, and virtual chemical sensors

Homeland security, olfactory images, and virtual chemical se...

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2004 AIChE Annual Meeting

作者： Staples, Edward J. Viswanathan, Shekar Electronic Sensor Technology 1077 Business Center Circle Newbury Park CA 91320 School of Engineering Technology National University 11255 North Torrey Pines San Diego CA 92037

Creation of arrays of virtual chemical sensors with non-overlapping responses by the use of ultra-high speed gas chromatography was examined. The portable chemical profiling system for security applications incorporates an ultra-high speed chromatography column, a solid-state sensor, a programmable gate array microprocessor, and an integrated vapor preconcentrator. The electronic nose uses a single solid-state sensor that is able to create an unlimited number of specific virtual chemical sensors for chemically profiling odors in cargo containers. It was observed that the nose help identify suspicious cargo and, in forensic analysis, to identify perpetrators after an attack.

关键词： Chemical sensors

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solid state ionic devices for combustion gas sensing

Solid state ionic devices for combustion gas sensing

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14th International conference on solid state Ionics

作者： Garzon, FH Mukundan, R Lujan, R Brosha, EL Los Alamos Natl Lab Elect & Electrochem Mat & Devices Grp Los Alamos NM 87545 USA

关键词： sensors combustion platinum hydrocarbons carbon monoxide oxygen

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High-speed, high-sensitivity, low-noise scientific CMOS image sensors

High-speed, high-sensitivity, low-noise scientific CMOS imag...

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conference on Microelectronics - Design, Technology and Packaging

作者： Kleinfelder, S Univ Calif Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819451673

Image sensors for scientific applications face unusually demanding performance requirements for speed, sensitivity, noise, dynamic range and data throughput. Dynamic proton radiography, for example, requires both extremely high frame rates (multi-MHz) and high dynamic range (similar to80 dB). Electron microscopy, particle physics, nuclear science and astrophysics applications requires high sensitivity and low noise for single-photon/single charged particle efficiency, often in extremely large (>100 M-pixel) arrays with tremendous sustained throughput (>50 G-pixels/s) and radiation-tolerance. This paper covers recent research results that extend standard CMOS image sensor performance in these areas. Signal to noise ratios as high as 90 dB have been achieved using a new, low-overhead, column-level active reset technique. This image sensor achieves output noise levels of similar to45 microvolts, rms, without the use of correlated double sampling. Enhanced sensitivity for single-photon detection has been obtained by using an epitaxial silicon region as a higher cross-section CMOS sensor, with low-capacitance diode or large-area pbotogate charge collection. This development has made possible the use of standard 0.25 micrometer digital CMOS sensor arrays in place of expensive hybrid high-resistivity silicon sensor focal plane arrays plus CMOS readout circuit combinations. High-speed transient image sensors with frame rates as high as 10 M-frames/s, combined with 13-bit resolution, has been achieved using on-focal-plane frame storage. Fabricated in a standard digital 0.35 micrometer digital CMOS technology, the latter device includes a photodetector, a charge-integrating amplifier and an array of 64 sample circuits per pixel. Finally, a 100+ M-frames/s solid-state "streak camera" prototype is discussed which, in conjunction with the possible use of 3-D packaging techniques, may yield a sensor array capable of acquiring images at rates exceeding 10 T-pixels/s.

关键词： high-speed low noise active reset CMOS image sensor streak camera

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The development of scalable sensor arrays using standard CMOS technology

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2004年第1-2期103卷 37-42页

作者： Milgrew, MJ Hammond, PA Cumming, DRS Univ Glasgow Dept Elect & Elect Engn Glasgow G12 8LT Lanark Scotland

This paper describes an approach to developing MOSFET-based scalable sensor arrays in an unmodified standard CMOS process. The multiplexed design can be used as either a single-ended or differential circuit to make potentiometric measurements in each cell of the array. The FET-based sensors employ a floating gate electrode structure and use the nitride passivation layer as a pH-sensitive membrane. An implementation of a single-chip 2 x 2 array fabricated in an unmodified commercial 0.35 mum CMOS process is presented. All signal acquisition is performed in-situ and all readout circuitry is located on-chip. On return from the foundry, the devices are exposed to ultraviolet light to eliminate any difference in threshold voltage. The circuit provides a sufficient linear range that allows the FET devices to operate as pH sensors in the array. A double layer of SU-8 photoresist is used to provide both a biocompatible and waterproof package for the chip. The biocompatibility of the chip surface is investigated using a well-established cell line. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： sensor array CMOS ISFET cell culture in-vitro

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Approach to fast fabrication of micro-sensors with high repetition 4ω-Diode-Pumped solid-state Lasers

Approach to fast fabrication of micro-sensors with high repe...

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PICALO 2004 - 1st Pacific International conference on applications of Laser and Optics

作者： Ostendorf, Andreas Kulik, Christian Meyer, Frank Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. Hollerithalle 8 D-30419 Hannover Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0912035765

A modification of standard photolithographic processes for thin film technology by Laser Direct Writing (LDW) is introduced. Employing a high frequency UV-Diode-Pumped solid-state Lasers (DPSSL) combined with a scanner beam guiding system, the demonstrated approach optimizes development cycles of new sensor devices. The presented image-mask-free technique allows a structuring of photo-sensitive resist in micrometer range on a base of CAD templates, which insures a high flexibility concerning modifications of the micro-machined geometries. Especially during the development of sensor systems (prototyping) and small batch series, a distinct cost advantage can be obtained, since time- and cost-consuming image mask technology is avoided. The potential of LDW has been proved by machining components of a micro-eddy current sensor with a minimum lateral dimension of some 10 μm in photo resists of 2 μm, 24 μm and 52 μm thickness with excellent geometrical features (smooth edges, flank angle αFi ˜ 90°). Whereas the machining duration in sub-second range (for 2 um thick resists) emphasizes the potential for high flexible prototyping in thin film technology.

关键词： Thin films

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The development of scalable sensor arrays using standard CMOS technology

The development of scalable sensor arrays using standard CMO...

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17th European conference on solid-state Transducers (Eurosensors XVII)

作者： Milgrew, MJ Hammond, PA Cumming, DRS Univ Glasgow Dept Elect & Elect Engn Glasgow G12 8LT Lanark Scotland

关键词： sensor array CMOS ISFET cell culture in-vitro

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Pushing technologies: Single-photon avalanche diode arrays

Pushing technologies: Single-photon avalanche diode arrays

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conference on Advancements in Adaptive Optics

作者： Zappa, F Tisa, S Cova, S Maccagnani, P Bonaccini, D Bonanno, G Belluso, M Saletti, R Roncella, R Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettr I-20133 Milan Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819454222

We present the development of silicon monolithic arrays of 60 photon-counters (SPADA, Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Array) for the visible. The SPADA system is suitable for state-of-the-art Adaptive Optics operations and Fast Transient image acquisitions, at quite a fraction of the current cost of imaging arrays. The fabricated solid-state photon counters are rugged, easy to be integrated in the optical system. They are free from readout noise and provide very fast frame-rates (>10kHz, for visible corrections) and nanosecond electronic gating (for ranging the up-going laser beam). The detection head has been integrated into an optomechanical system suitable for alignment and focusing in available astrophysics telescopes. The detection electronics includes an integrated Active Quenching Circuits for each pixel of the array. The real-time data processing board is implemented into FPGA and DSP and is configurable for dealing with different applications: the extraction of the curvature wavefront for AO applications, and the acquisition and processing of two-dimensional images with fast frame rate. A remote host computer controls all the SPADA blocks and uploads the processed information and images. We report the optical and electrical characterization of the detectors and the associated electronics.

关键词： SPAD single-photon avalanche diode adaptive optics fast transient phenomena imaging detectors array detectors

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Integrated readout electronics: Enabling advanced applications of position-sensitive solid-state radiation detectors

Integrated readout electronics: Enabling advanced applicatio...

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2004 Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging conference, Symposium on Nuclear Power Systems and the 14th International Workshop on Room Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma- Ray Detectors

作者： Cajipe, Victoria B. Calderwood, Robert F. Clajus, Martin Hayakawa, Satoshi Turner, Tümay O. Yin, Shi NOVA RandD Inc. Riverside CA 92507 United States

As applications of advanced solid-state radiation detector arrays proliferate across disciplines ranging from x-ray astronomy and medical imaging to security and industrial inspection, the relative scarcity of low-noise, multi-channel integrated circuits (ICs) needed to read out these arrays has become increasingly apparent. In fact, readout ICs are now regarded to be an integral part of position-sensitive semiconductor detectors for x-ray and gamma-ray imaging. Because the requirements of various detector applications tend to be diverse, a custom IC is typically designed for a specific detector array. This often lengthens the time and raises the cost of system development. To help close the readout technology gap and facilitate advances in this field, NOVA has been formulating strategies for instrumenting different detectors of a given application category with the same "generic" IC which embodies common functions as well as selectable features. A brief overview of possible approaches to such generic ICs will be given. Within this context, accomplishments and ongoing efforts at NOVA in developing front-end ICs for various detector architectures and signal-processing scenarios will be described. We will especially consider the case of ICs used in conjunction with position-sensitive CZT detectors, implemented in traditional soldered lead or flip-chip connection geometries, to perform spectroscopic, energy-binning or current-mode type measurements. © 2004 IEEE.

关键词： Electronic equipment

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