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A three-level evaluation process for segmentation methods in medical imaging

A three-level evaluation process for segmentation methods in...

引用

Medical Imaging 2002 conference

作者： Pohle, R Toennies, KD Otto Von Guericke Univ Dept Simulat & Graph Magdeburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819444294

We propose an evaluation process for segmentation which is made up of three different levels. It enables us to carry out the time consuming steps only for those segmentation methods for which a successful segmentation is foreseeable. In the first level the developer of a segmentation method does a coarse analysis of the usefulness of the individual segmentation methods by means of visual assessment of the results for few image examples. Methods which have been judged useful at the first level are investigated in a second evaluation step as to the stability of the segmentation results in case of slight deviations in the images. For the reproduction of the image formation process a multitude of realizations of a given region of interest are produced by means of the bootstrap technique. At the third level of the evaluation process the segmentation methods are tested for segmentation errors. The segmentation methods are judged by means of empirical discrepancy values, and the effectiveness of a method chosen for the respective task is finally estimated.

关键词： evaluation 3D segmentation semi-automatic segmentation image foresting transformation hybrid rendering bootstrap

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Fast algorithm of byte-to-byte wavelet transform for image compression applications

Fast algorithm of byte-to-byte wavelet transform for image c...

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conference on Algorithms and Systems for Optical Information processing VI

作者： Pogrebnyak, O Azuela, JHS Ramírez, PM IPN CIC Mexico City 07738 DF Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)0819445568

A new fast algorithm of 2D DWT transform is presented. The algorithm operates on byte represented images and performs image transformation with the Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet of the second order. It uses the lifting scheme for the calculations. The proposed algorithm is based on the "checkerboard" computation scheme for nonseparable 2D wavelet. The problem of data extension near the image borders is resolved computing ID Haar wavelet in the vicinity of the borders. With the checkerboard splitting.. at each level of decomposition only one detail image is produced that simplify, the further analysis for data compression. The calculations are rather simple, without any floating point operation allowing the implementation of the designed algorithm in fixed point DSP processors for fast. near real time processing. The proposed algorithm does not possesses perfect restoration of the processed data because of rounding that is introduced at each level of decomposition/restoration to perform operations with byte represented data. The designed algorithm was tested on different images. The criterion to estimate quantitatively the quality of the restored images was the well known PSNR. For the visual quality estimation the error maps between original and restored images were calculated. The obtained simulation results show that the visual and quantitative quality of the restored images is degraded with number of decomposition level increasing but is sufficiently high even after 6 levels. The introduced distortion are concentrated in the vicinity of high spatial activity details and are absent in the homogeneous regions. The designed algorithm can be used for image lossy compression and in noise suppression applications.

关键词： quincunx wavelets non-linear wavelet transform image compression noise suppression

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Spatial digital watermark for MPEG-2 video authentication and tamper detection

Spatial digital watermark for MPEG-2 video authentication an...

引用

2002 IEEE International conference on Acoustic, Speech, and Signal processing

作者： Winne, Dominique A. Knowles, Henry D. Bull, David R. Canagarajah, C. Nishan Image Communications Group Centre for Communications Research University of Bristol Woodland Road Bristol BS8 1UB United Kingdom

The widespread adoption of digital video techniques has generated a requirement for authenticity verification in applications such as criminal evidence, insurance claims and commercial databases. This work addresses problems that arise from a spatial digital watermarking technique developed to detect frame reordering and dropping scenarios. It discusses the differences between mutual frame types at different bit-rates. Many papers consider detection after MPEG-2 decoding as a naive approach. However, this approach does offer significant advantages for a slight increase of computation load. This paper also establishes a link between the detector performance and the sequence content. The uniqueness of this work is the comparison of the test results using 18 different standard MPEG test-sequences. The functionality of the algorithm is demonstrated with a simulated attack.

关键词： Digital watermarking

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Intelligent CAD workstation for breast imaging using similarity to known lesions and multiple visual prompt aids

Intelligent CAD workstation for breast imaging using similar...

引用

Medical Imaging 2002 conference

作者： Giger, ML Huo, ZM Vyborny, CJ Lan, L Bonta, I Horsch, K Nishikawa, RM Rosenbourgh, I Univ Chicago Dept Radiol Chicago IL 60637 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819444294

While investigators have been successful in developing methods for the computerized analysis of manunograms and ultrasound images, optimal output strategies for the effective and efficient use of such computer analyses are still undetermined. We have incorporated our computerized mass classification method into an intelligent workstation interface that displays known malignant and benign cases similar to lesions in question using a color-coding scheme that allows instant visual feedback to the radiologist. The probability distributions of the malignant and benign cases in the known database are also graphically displayed along with the graphical "location" of the unknown case relative to these two distributions. The effect of the workstation on radiologists' performance was demonstrated with two preliminary studies. In each study, participants were asked to interpret cases without and with the computer output as an aid for diagnosis. Results from our demonstration studies indicate that radiologists' performance, especially specificity, increases with the use of the aid.

关键词： Mammography visualization Breast Ultrasonography Databases Computer aided diagnosis and therapy Biopsy Breast imaging Human-machine interfaces image segmentation

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System implementation in turbo code for digital video transmission

System implementation in turbo code for digital video transm...

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2002 IEEE Region 10 conference on Computers, communications, Control and Power Engineering

作者： Lee, Sung-Woo Kim, Won-Sub Park, Jin-Soo Dept. of Electronics Engineering Chongju University 36 Naedok-dong Sang Dang Gu Chongju-shi Korea Republic of

For the purpose of this study, we implemented a trustworthy video transmission system through turbo code, which has excellent error correction ability, in order to restore data error effectively generated by noise when transmitting real time data, security data, video data, etc. The image processing system, NTSC (National Television System Committee) video signal from CCTV, and video camera, etc. were converted from analog to digital (A/D conversion) transmission through a video decoder. The converted digital image information was output into two image fields. In this study, by applying the algorithm in which one field was selected of the two, we made a logic circuit of the Erasable Programmable Logic Device (EPLD) and implemented the system that reduces digital video data by half. In the encoder/decoder system of the turbo code, the turbo code was implemented using the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) with which real number calculation is possible. The interleaver part that affects the performance of the turbo code was designed by applying a block interleaver.

关键词： Video signal processing

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image-based photo hulls 1

Image-based photo hulls

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1st International Symposium on 3D Data processing visualization and Transmission

作者： Slabaugh, G Schafer, R Hans, M Georgia Inst Technol Ctr Signal & Image Proc Atlanta GA 30332 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769515215;0769515223

We present an efficient image-based rendering algorithm that computes photo hulls of a scene photographed from multiple viewpoints. Our algorithm, image-Based Photo Hulls (IBPH), like the image-Based visual Hulls (IBVH) algorithm from Matusik et. al. on which it is based, takes advantage of epipolar geometry to efficiently reconstruct the geometry and visibility of a scene. Our lBPH algorithm differs from IBVH in that it utilizes the color information of the images to identify, scene geometry. These additional color constraints often result in more accurately reconstructed geometry, which projects to better synthesized virtual views of the scene. We demonstrate our algorithm running in a realtime 3D telepresence application using video data acquired from four viewpoints.

关键词： Geometry

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Halftone Quality Evaluation Using Color visual Models

Halftone Quality Evaluation Using Color Visual Models

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Final Program and Proceedings: IS and T's 55th Annual conference

作者： Feng, Xiao-Fan Speigle, Jon Morimoto, Atsuhisa Sharp Laboratories of America Inc. Camas WA

We conducted a monitor-based subjective study on multilevel halftone. Observers in a halftone preference experiment selected stimuli in a paired comparison design. images were halftoned using multilevel stochastic screening and multilevel error diffusion. Stimuli were presented on a calibrated monitor from distances equivalent to viewing 300 and 600 dpi prints. We applied Thurstone's law of comparative judgments to derive an image quality scale from the paired comparison data. The derived scale values were compared to summary measures computed from variants of a color difference model (CVDM).1 CVDM is a multi-channel model having multiple orientation and spatial frequency mechanisms. CVDM was modified to better model the human visual system. An eye OTF front-end is added and CSF filtering and cortex transform are performed in the LAB space. We compare predictions of CVDM with S-CIELAB2 and observed slightly better correlation between the models and subjective scale values. On a local scale, the visible difference maps produced by the multi-channel model appear to capture worming and texturing artifacts better than S-CIELAB.

关键词： image analysis

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Automated comparison of striation marks with the system GE/2

Automated comparison of striation marks with the system GE/2

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conference on Investigative image processing II

作者： Heizmann, M Univ Karlsruhe TH Inst Mess & Regelungstech D-76128 Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819444596

In this paper, the newly developed system GE/2 for the automated identification of toolmarks and firearms is presented. It is based on a signal processing strategy that enables an automated evaluation of pictures taken from striation patterns. To this end, a signal model is introduced which is suitable to describe the characteristics of groove textures. This signal model can be adapted to both forensically important groove types: straight grooves, which can be found on pristine bullets, and curved grooves, which are typical for toolmarks and deformed bullets. To obtain high quality data, a powerful imaging approach is presented. The underlying strategy, which is based on fusion techniques, is applicable to both illumination problems and focussing issues. To ensure a high reliability in the automated comparison, characteristic features, which are called "signatures;" are required. To this end, a newly developed strategy is proposed to straighten curved grooves by means of the signal model mentioned above. Based on the signatures obtained, an automated comparison on the basis of correlation techniques is applied. As a result, the marks in question are sorted in a descending order with respect to the detected similarity. Here, a benchmarking test for comparison algorithms is introduced which makes it possible to compare the efficiency of different systems. Finally, the realized system GE/2 is presented, consisting of the image Acquisition Station and a computer to perform the processing of the data. The benchmarking test is applied to the system GE/2 which proves its high qualification for forensic applications.

关键词： forensic science toolmarks firearm bullets marks examination computerized comparison striation patterns groove straightening imaging system automated visual inspection image processing

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Using observation uncertainty in HMM decoding 7

Using observation uncertainty in HMM decoding

引用

7th International conference on Spoken Language processing, ICSLP 2002

作者： Arrowood, Jon A. Clements, Mark A. Center for Signal and Image Processing Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA30332-0250 United States

This paper proposes a new technique for adapting Hidden Markov Model (HMM) speech recognition systems to additive environmental noise by incorporating information about the uncertainty of observations. Current techniques, such as the Parallel Model Combination (PMC) algorithm [1], are successful in steady state noise environments. However, the computational requirements both in processing time and memory prevent its widespread use in continuously adaptive systems, necessary for environments with changing background noise. This paper presents an approach that reformulates the model combination technique to update the each observation instead of the model. As in PMC, a model of the background is generated during nonspeech times. This is used for each input frame to generate a pdf describing the original clean signal, given the noise model. The HMM decoding algorithm is extended as in [2, 3] to allow pdf inputs, and recognition results are presented that show this technique compares favorably with PMC in unchanging noise environments, but has significant benefits in changing noise.

关键词： Hidden Markov models

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Packet loss resilient videoconferencing using H.263+

Packet loss resilient videoconferencing using H.263+

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IEEE International conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal processing

作者： Bull, DR Chung-How, JTH Univ Bristol Commun Res Ctr Image Commun Grp Bristol BS8 1UB Avon England

ISBN: (纸本)0780374029

Real-time video transmission over the Internet is becoming increasingly desirable for videoconferencing and other interactive applications. The reliable transport protocols used by the Internet were designed mainly for non-real time data, and cannot be used for delay critical applications, which must therefore be able to cope with packet loss. Motion compensated video coding is especially sensitive to loss because of temporal error propagation. In this paper, the effect of packet loss on H.263+ video transmitted using the real-time transport protocol (RTP) is assessed. Various algorithms are described to minimise or prevent temporal error propagation. These algorithms do not rely on retransmissions and do not introduce more than one frame delay, and are therefore suitable for real-time and multicast applications. It is shown that the robustness of H.263+ video can be greatly improved using these techniques. Such techniques can also be applied to other motion compensated video coding standards such as MPEG-4 and H.26L.

关键词： Internet Int real-time video transmission H.263 videoconferencing packet loss video coding forward error correction minimisation real-time systems multicast communication delays transport protocols visual communication teleconferencing Videoconferencing Packet loss real-time video transmission transport protocols Video coding Teleconference multicast communication Forward error correction Internets real-time systems Error propagation

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