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Disparity map coding for 3D teleconferencing applications

Disparity map coding for 3D teleconferencing applications

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Redert, A Hendriks, E Delft Univ. of Technology (Netherlands)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

In this paper we present a combination of three steps to code a disparity map for 3D teleconferencing applications. First we introduce a new disparity map format, the chain map, which has a very low inherent redundancy. Additional advantages of this map are: one single bidirectional map in stead of the usual two unidirectional vector fields, explicit indication of occlusions, no upper or lower bound on disparity values, no disparity offset, easy generation by disparity estimators and easy interpretation by image interpolators. In a second step, we apply data reduction on the chain map. The reduction is a factor two, thereby losing explicit information about the position of occlusion areas. An algorithm for image interpolation in absence of occlusion information is presented. The third step involves entropy coding, both lossless and lossy. A scheme specially suited for the chain map has been developed. Although the codec is based on a simple prediction process without motion compensation, compression ratios of 20 (lossless) to 80 (lossy) can be achieved with typical teleconferencing images. These results are comparable to those obtained by complex schemes based on 2D/3D motion compensation using disparity vector fields.

关键词： disparity map coding disparity map format 3D teleconferencing image interpolation

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Linear restoration of block-transform-coded motion video

Linear restoration of block-transform-coded motion video

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Yang, SF Lin, DW Industrial Technology Research Institute (Taiwan) National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

Block-based transform coding employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a popular technique in image and video compression. We consider Wiener-filter-based restoration for transform-coded images and motion video. The scheme operates at the decoder end. It capitalizes on the residual correlation among quantized DCT coefficients and the quantization errors. The scheme, termed error pattern compensation or EPC in short, is derived by simplifying and extending related work of other researchers. When applied to motion video, it is activated for intraframe-coded macroblocks only. It first classifies an encoded image block according to some visually meaningful features and vector quantization. Different Wiener filters can be designed for different classes of input blocks. Experimental results show that the scheme yields performance improvement in the range of a few percent in MSE or PSNR. It is more effective in restoring image blocks with greater quantizing distortion (from being quantized with greater quantization scales). Results also show that intraframe-coded pictures usually benefit the most from EPC, followed by predictive-coded pictures and then by bidirectional-predictive-coded pictures. At times, the last two types of pictures show performance degradation rather than gain. Possible reasons are discussed.

关键词： video sequence coding image restoration Wiener filtering

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Rate-distortion analysis for vector quantization based on a variable block-size classification model

Rate-distortion analysis for vector quantization based on a ...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Lee, MH Ngan, KN Crebbin, GA Univ. of Western Australia (Australia)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

Vector quantization (VQ) based on a fixed block-size classification (FBSC) model, which is known as classified VQ (CVQ), offers a useful solution for the edge degradation problem of conventional image VQ. In our previous-work, we have developed a VQ technique based on a variable block-size classification (VBSC) model, in which an image is segmented into blocks of various size: and each segmented region is encoded at a different rate according to its level of detail. The low-detail regions of the image consist of variable size blocks and are encoded at very low bitrates with little perceptual degradation. High-detail regions, which are isolated into the smallest blocks, are classified into various edges of which each is separately encoded. In this paper, a rate-distortion function (RDF), R(D), is presented for a VBSC model. We obtain a theoretical R(D) bound on the performance of VQ based on a VBSC model. It is theoretically proved that the R(D) bound of the VBSC model is lower than those of the Gaussian model and the FBSC model. We also experimentally evaluate a RDF for the VBSC model and compare with the theoretical RDF. There is a gap of about 0.1 bpp between the theoretical RDF and the experimental RDF in VBSC model-based VQ coding. We expect that this gap can be reduced by subsequently employing an entropy coder.

关键词： image coding vector quantization rate-distortion function

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Efficient spatio-temporal segmentation for very low bit rate video coding

Efficient spatio-temporal segmentation for very low bit rate...

引用

visual communications and image processing 1998 conference

作者： Handcock, J Canagarajah, N Tellert, W Bull, D Univ Bristol Ctr Commun Res Dept Elect Engn & Elect Image Commun Grp Bristol BS8 1TH Avon England

ISBN: (纸本)0819427497

The goal of low bit rate video coding is:to minimise the number of bits which are required to represent a video sequence whilst maintaining an acceptable level of reconstructed image quality. Most of the conventional video coding schemes remove spatial and temporal redundancy by using block based motion compensation and transform coding such as DCT. However the disadvantage of these techniques is that blocking artefacts occur at high compression ratios due to the fact that the block structures are not adapted to the image contents. In ellis paper an efficient joint spatio-temporal segmentation scheme is proposed to segment and represent image contents based on the spatial characteristics and motion vectors. Two spatio-temporal segmentation algorithms have been proposed. The first uses arbitrarily shaped regions and the other an efficient quad-tree structure which is well suited to very low bit rate video coding. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme produced significant improvements in both objective and subjective quality at low bit rates when compared with fixed block-size segmentation.

关键词： low bit rate video coding spatio-temporal segmentation quad-tree segmentation

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Multigeneration of transform coded images

Multigeneration of transform coded images

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Sorial, HZ Lynch, WE Concordia Univ. (Canada)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

Multigeneration is the repeated compression-decompression of images. Under a compression scheme like Transform Coding, reconstructed images suffer further degradation at each generation, even though there is no manipulation of the image data. This paper describes multigeneration characteristics of transform coded images. We also study motion compensated coding in a multigeneration environment. We present five mechanisms that contribute to the continued degradation in multigeneration: Pixel Domain Quantization (PDQ), Pixel Domain Clipping (PDC), Compression Control Parameters Variation (CCPV), Motion Vector Re-estimation (MVR) and Error Propagation due to Motion Compensation (EPMC). For PDQ, we show that it is not the step size of the DCT domain or the pixel domain quantizers that contributes to the saturation of degradation in multigeneration, but instead the ratio between these two quantizers. We observe that PDC mainly affects the DC coefficient. In CCPV and MVR, multigeneration error is reduced when the quantization scaling parameters and/or the motion vectors of the first generation are used for each subsequent generation. For EPMC, multigeneration errors in reference pictures propagate to frames that are predicted from them. Consequently, EPMC only multiplies the effect of other mechanisms.

关键词： multigeneration image/video coding transform coding motion estimation MPEG standard

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Data driven structure-from-motion using the epipolar corridor constraint

Data driven structure-from-motion using the epipolar corrido...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Steinbach, E Girod, B Chaudhuri, S Univ. Erlangen-Nuernberg (Germany) Indian Institute of Technology (India)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

In this paper we present a new approach to robust 3D rigid body motion estimation and scene structure recovery using an epipolar corridor. In comparison to traditional two stage approaches we do not rely on independent establishment of feature point correspondences and subsequent computation of 3D motion parameters, but iteratively feed the motion parameters back to the point correspondence estimator, restricting the search space to an epipolar corridor. As the iterations proceed we narrow the width of the corridor and reach a stable solution with all point correspondences obeying the epipolar line constraint. The Least Median of Squares (LMedS) estimator is integrated into the 3D motion parameter estimation framework to deal with the multi-motion problem. The position of the feature points along the epipolar line finally leads to structure recovery from motion. Experimental results using real and synthetic image sequence data show the ability of the approach to robustly estimate three-dimensional motion parameters.

关键词： computer vision image sequence analysis structure-from-motion epipolar constraint epipolar corridor scene structure recovery motion analysis robust statistics

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Partition encoding based on graph representation and geometric approximation of contours for region-based video coding.

Partition encoding based on graph representation and geometr...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Sanson, H Labelle, L CCETT (France)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

This paper presents a solution for image partition encoding, usable for region-based image or video compression. This solution consists of several elements which can eventually be used separately in other contexts such as the recent VOP contour encoding defined withing the ISO-MPEG-4 standardization effort. Namely, these elements are the graph representation of the contour network topology on the one hand, and the B-spline approximation of the contour geometry, approximation carried out on a purely geometric criterion on the other hand. The role of the graph repesentation is two-fold;to enable the regeneration of region labels at the decoder side, without needing to send them along with the contour geometry, which could be jeopardized otherwise by contour approximation errors, and to save the coding of the contours starting points. Such label regeneration is based on the extraction of the list of consecutive arcs corresponding to the external region boundary only from the graph structure. The algorithm for such an extraction is given as well as the encoding of the graph structure. Compression of the geometric information is obtained through contour approximation by B-spline curves. Such an approximation combines a Least Mean Squares curve fitting and a gradient-based geometric curve evolution from this first approximation. Finally, a solution is proposed for the encoding of the resulting B-spline control points.

关键词： region-based image coding partition coding graph geometric curve approximation B-splines

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Motion field and image intensity segmentation for object-oriented coding of video sequences

Motion field and image intensity segmentation for object-ori...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： LeQuang, D Zaccarin, A Univ. Laval (Canada)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

A number of object-oriented coding algorithms have been proposed for coding video sequences at low bit rates. Instead of estimating motion of pixel blocks, these algorithms segment each image into regions of uniform motion and estimate the motion of these regions. Estimating the segmentation and computing motion parameters are evidently closely related. Most algorithms iteratively compute complex motion parameters and segmentation estimates, and typically computationally intensive. image intensity segmentations were also used instead of motion field segmentations based on the hypothesis that adjacent pixels with similar luminance values are part of the same object, and therefore share common motion parameters. We previously proposed a simple two-stage algorithm for which 1) a translational block-motion field is used to compute a translational motion field and its segmentation, 2) an optical flow field is then used to compute affine motion parameters for each segmented region. In this paper, we propose to replace the translational block motion field by another translational motion field which assigns a motion vector to each region of an image intensity segmentation. This approach combines the advantages of both intensity and motion field segmentations, generates motion field segmentations that matches the scene content more closely with 15% - 25% fewer objects, and therefore reduces the side bit rate required for coding the motion field segmentation.

关键词： object-oriented video coding motion field motion compensation segmentation low bit rate

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Stereo image compression based on disparity field segmentation

Stereo image compression based on disparity field segmentati...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Woo, W Ortega, A Univ. of Southern California (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

The increasing demand for 3D imaging and recent developments of autostereoscopic displays will accelerate the usage of 3D systems in various areas. However, limited channel bandwidth is, as for monocular images, the main bottleneck for realizing 3D systems. As a result, an efficient compression algorithm will be essential to reduce the bandwidth requirement while maintaining the perceptual visual quality at the decoder. In this paper, we will focus on compression of stereo images. When it comes to stereo image coding, we can take advantage of binocular redundancy by using disparity compensation. The most popular disparity compensation method approaches so far have been block based methods, due mostly to their simplicity. Block based methods, however, may suffer from blocking artifacts at low bit rates due to the uniform disparity assumption within a fixed block. Meanwhile, if we reduce the block size, the disparity estimation may suffer from various noise effects which result in increases of bit rates for the disparity. Considering these observations, we estimate disparity based on a small block or a pixel with the energy equation derived from the MRF model. In order to prevent oversmoothing across boundaries, we use the combined intensity edges of two images as an initial disparity boundary. Then, we segment the resulting smooth disparity field. Finally, the disparity and the starting position are encoded using DPCM and the corresponding boundary is encoded using Run Length Chain coding. At the end of this paper, we present experimental results.

关键词： stereo image coding disparity estimation segmentation Markov Random Field (MRF)

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Real-time MPEG video over LAN with DSM-CC signaling

Real-time MPEG video over LAN with DSM-CC signaling

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1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Kan, KS Chen, CT Loui, A National Central Univ. (Taiwan) CRISC Corp. (United States) Bell Communications Research (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

For video applications such as video-on-demand, signaling is an important step for service initialization including service setup, authentication, and resource allocation This paper describes the design and implementation of an experimental platform for delivery of real-time MPEG encoded video over LAN with DSM-CC signaling. The platform consists of a real-time MPEG encoder system as a server, a network node workstation, and a client with MPEG decoding capability. Specifically, we have implemented a client-initiated subset of the DSM-CC user-to-network (UN) protocol for signaling. Communication between the network node and server/client is achieved by using the TCP/IP protocol. The network node provides the functionality of upstream message exchange, UN and/or UU (user-to-user) resource negotiation, and MPEG bitstream relay. The operation of our current video platform setup is quite robust and can deliver MPEG video up to about 1.5 Mb/s via DSM-CC protocols. It is demonstrated that practical implementation of video applications is feasible over small-scale LANs.

关键词： MPEG DSM-CC real-time encoding LAN video video-on-demand video server

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