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Very low bitrate coding using hybrid synthetic/real images for multi-sites videoconference applications

Very low bitrate coding using hybrid synthetic/real images f...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Nicolas, H Motsch, J IRISA/INRIA-Rennes (France)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

This paper proposes a new methodology to deal with videoconference applications in which several different sites can be involved. In such applications, it should be interesting for each user to watch only one image which gives him the impression that everybody is in the same virtual room. Furthermore, since it can be expected that only a very limited transmission bandwidth is available, it is important to transmit only useful information. For these reasons, we have developed a technique which consists in the creation of an hybrid synthetic/natural scene. This hybrid scene contains the real images of each interlocutor of the multi-sites videoconference. This permits to reduce the bitrate since only the regions of interest contained in the real video data must be coded and transmitted. In practice, the background of the scene, which has generally no interest for users, is not coded. The extraction of these regions of interest is performed by a new detection algorithm based on a reference image. In order to manage occlusion and collision problems in the hybrid images, a 3-D positioning strategy of 2-D real objects has been developed. Experimental results are presented on real videoconference-like image sequences.

关键词： object detection synthetic/natural image compression multi-sites videoconference

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An embedded still image coder with rate-distortion optimization

An embedded still image coder with rate-distortion optimizat...

引用

visual communications and image processing 1998 conference

作者： Li, J Lei, SW Sharp Labs Amer Camas WA 98607 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819427497

It is well known that the fixed rate coder achieves optimality when all coefficients are coded with the same rate-distortion (R-D) slope. In this paper, we show that the performance of the embedded coder can be optimized in a rate-distortion sense by coding the coefficients with decreasing R-D slope, We denote such coding strategy as rate-distortion optimized embedding (RDE). RDE allocates the available coding bits first to the coefficient with the steepest R-D slope, i.e. the largest distortion decrease per coding bit. The resultant coding bitstream can be truncated at any point and still maintain an optimal R-D performance. To avoid the overhead of coding Order transmission, we use the expected R-D slope which can be calculated from the coded bits and are available in both the encoder and the decoder. With the probability estimation table of the QM-coder, the calculation of the R-D slope can be just a lookup table operation. Experimental results show that the rate-distortion optimization significantly improves the coding efficiency in a wide range of coding rates.

关键词： image coding embedded coding rate-distortion slope rate-distortion optimization scalability wavelet

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Progressive ROI coding and diagnostic quality for medical image compression

Progressive ROI coding and diagnostic quality for medical im...

引用

visual communications and image processing 1998 conference

作者： Signoroni, A Leonardi, R Univ Brescia Signals & Commun Lab Dept Elect & Automat I-25121 Brescia Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819427497

This work addresses the delicate problem of lossy compression of medical images. More specifically, a selective allocation of coding resources is introduced based on the concept of "Diagnostic Interest" and an interactive methodology based on a new measure of "Diagnostic Quality". The selective allocation of resources is made possible by a selection a priori of regions of specific interest for diagnostic purpose. The idea is to change the precision of representation in a transformed domain of regions of particular interest, through a weighting procedure by an on-line user-defined quantization matrix. The overall compression method is multi-resolution (wavelet-based), provides for an embedded generation of the bit-stream and guarantees Jar a good rate-distortion trade-off, at various bit-rates, with spatially varying (ROI dependent) reconstruction quality. This work also analyzes the delicate issue of a professional usage of lossy compression in a PACS environment. The proposed compression methodology gives interesting insights in favor of using lossy compression in a controlled fashion by the expert radiologist. Most of the ideas presented in this work have been confirmed by extensive experimental simulations involving medical expertise.

关键词： medical image selective coding diagnostic quality PACS wavelet transform EZW algorithm

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Wavelet image coding using rate-distortion optimized backward adaptive classification

Wavelet image coding using rate-distortion optimized backwar...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： LoPresto, SM Ramchandran, K Orchard, MT Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (United States) Princeton Univ. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

We introduce a new image compression framework that combines compression efficiency with speed, and is based on an independent infinite mixture model which accurately captures the space-frequency characterization of the wavelet image representation. Specifically, we model individual image wavelet coefficients as being drawn from an independent Generalized Gaussian Distribution (GGD) field of zero mean and unknown (slowly) spatially-varying variances (and fixed unknown shape for each subband). Based on this model, we develop a powerful Estimation-Quantization (EQ) framework that consists of: (i) first finding the Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimate of the individual spatially-varying coefficient field variances based on causal and quantized spatial neighborhood contexts;and (ii) then ap plying an off-line Rate-Distortion (R-D) optimized quantization/entropy coding strategy, implemented as a fast lookup table, that is optimally matched to the derived variance estimates. A distinctive feature of our framework is the dynamic partitioning of wavelet data into subsets representing coefficients that are ''predictable'' and ''unpredictable'' respectively from their quantized causal contexts. The statistical parameters (GGD shape and variance) of the ''unpredictable'' set in each subband, obtained through a fast, R-D based, simple thresholding first-pass operation, represent the negligible parametric side-information for use in the forward adaptation mode. The combination of the powerful infinite mixture model, the dynamic switching between forward and backward adaptation modes, and the theoretical soundness and speed of the EQ framework lead to a novel, high-performing, and fast image coder that is extremely competitive with the best published coders in the literature across all classes of images and target bitrates of interest, in both compression efficiency and processing speed. For example, our coder exceeds the objective performance of the best zerotree-based wavelet coder

关键词： image compression Wavelets Data modeling Quantization Distortion Computer programming image processing Modeling image classification Switching

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Disparity map coding for 3D teleconferencing applications

Disparity map coding for 3D teleconferencing applications

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1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Redert, A Hendriks, E Delft Univ. of Technology (Netherlands)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

In this paper we present a combination of three steps to code a disparity map for 3D teleconferencing applications. First we introduce a new disparity map format, the chain map, which has a very low inherent redundancy. Additional advantages of this map are: one single bidirectional map in stead of the usual two unidirectional vector fields, explicit indication of occlusions, no upper or lower bound on disparity values, no disparity offset, easy generation by disparity estimators and easy interpretation by image interpolators. In a second step, we apply data reduction on the chain map. The reduction is a factor two, thereby losing explicit information about the position of occlusion areas. An algorithm for image interpolation in absence of occlusion information is presented. The third step involves entropy coding, both lossless and lossy. A scheme specially suited for the chain map has been developed. Although the codec is based on a simple prediction process without motion compensation, compression ratios of 20 (lossless) to 80 (lossy) can be achieved with typical teleconferencing images. These results are comparable to those obtained by complex schemes based on 2D/3D motion compensation using disparity vector fields.

关键词： disparity map coding disparity map format 3D teleconferencing image interpolation

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Linear restoration of block-transform-coded motion video

Linear restoration of block-transform-coded motion video

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Yang, SF Lin, DW Industrial Technology Research Institute (Taiwan) National Chiao Tung Univ. (Taiwan)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

Block-based transform coding employing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a popular technique in image and video compression. We consider Wiener-filter-based restoration for transform-coded images and motion video. The scheme operates at the decoder end. It capitalizes on the residual correlation among quantized DCT coefficients and the quantization errors. The scheme, termed error pattern compensation or EPC in short, is derived by simplifying and extending related work of other researchers. When applied to motion video, it is activated for intraframe-coded macroblocks only. It first classifies an encoded image block according to some visually meaningful features and vector quantization. Different Wiener filters can be designed for different classes of input blocks. Experimental results show that the scheme yields performance improvement in the range of a few percent in MSE or PSNR. It is more effective in restoring image blocks with greater quantizing distortion (from being quantized with greater quantization scales). Results also show that intraframe-coded pictures usually benefit the most from EPC, followed by predictive-coded pictures and then by bidirectional-predictive-coded pictures. At times, the last two types of pictures show performance degradation rather than gain. Possible reasons are discussed.

关键词： video sequence coding image restoration Wiener filtering

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Rate-distortion analysis for vector quantization based on a variable block-size classification model

Rate-distortion analysis for vector quantization based on a ...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Lee, MH Ngan, KN Crebbin, GA Univ. of Western Australia (Australia)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

Vector quantization (VQ) based on a fixed block-size classification (FBSC) model, which is known as classified VQ (CVQ), offers a useful solution for the edge degradation problem of conventional image VQ. In our previous-work, we have developed a VQ technique based on a variable block-size classification (VBSC) model, in which an image is segmented into blocks of various size: and each segmented region is encoded at a different rate according to its level of detail. The low-detail regions of the image consist of variable size blocks and are encoded at very low bitrates with little perceptual degradation. High-detail regions, which are isolated into the smallest blocks, are classified into various edges of which each is separately encoded. In this paper, a rate-distortion function (RDF), R(D), is presented for a VBSC model. We obtain a theoretical R(D) bound on the performance of VQ based on a VBSC model. It is theoretically proved that the R(D) bound of the VBSC model is lower than those of the Gaussian model and the FBSC model. We also experimentally evaluate a RDF for the VBSC model and compare with the theoretical RDF. There is a gap of about 0.1 bpp between the theoretical RDF and the experimental RDF in VBSC model-based VQ coding. We expect that this gap can be reduced by subsequently employing an entropy coder.

关键词： image coding vector quantization rate-distortion function

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Efficient spatio-temporal segmentation for very low bit rate video coding

Efficient spatio-temporal segmentation for very low bit rate...

引用

visual communications and image processing 1998 conference

作者： Handcock, J Canagarajah, N Tellert, W Bull, D Univ Bristol Ctr Commun Res Dept Elect Engn & Elect Image Commun Grp Bristol BS8 1TH Avon England

ISBN: (纸本)0819427497

The goal of low bit rate video coding is:to minimise the number of bits which are required to represent a video sequence whilst maintaining an acceptable level of reconstructed image quality. Most of the conventional video coding schemes remove spatial and temporal redundancy by using block based motion compensation and transform coding such as DCT. However the disadvantage of these techniques is that blocking artefacts occur at high compression ratios due to the fact that the block structures are not adapted to the image contents. In ellis paper an efficient joint spatio-temporal segmentation scheme is proposed to segment and represent image contents based on the spatial characteristics and motion vectors. Two spatio-temporal segmentation algorithms have been proposed. The first uses arbitrarily shaped regions and the other an efficient quad-tree structure which is well suited to very low bit rate video coding. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme produced significant improvements in both objective and subjective quality at low bit rates when compared with fixed block-size segmentation.

关键词： low bit rate video coding spatio-temporal segmentation quad-tree segmentation

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Multigeneration of transform coded images

Multigeneration of transform coded images

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Sorial, HZ Lynch, WE Concordia Univ. (Canada)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

Multigeneration is the repeated compression-decompression of images. Under a compression scheme like Transform Coding, reconstructed images suffer further degradation at each generation, even though there is no manipulation of the image data. This paper describes multigeneration characteristics of transform coded images. We also study motion compensated coding in a multigeneration environment. We present five mechanisms that contribute to the continued degradation in multigeneration: Pixel Domain Quantization (PDQ), Pixel Domain Clipping (PDC), Compression Control Parameters Variation (CCPV), Motion Vector Re-estimation (MVR) and Error Propagation due to Motion Compensation (EPMC). For PDQ, we show that it is not the step size of the DCT domain or the pixel domain quantizers that contributes to the saturation of degradation in multigeneration, but instead the ratio between these two quantizers. We observe that PDC mainly affects the DC coefficient. In CCPV and MVR, multigeneration error is reduced when the quantization scaling parameters and/or the motion vectors of the first generation are used for each subsequent generation. For EPMC, multigeneration errors in reference pictures propagate to frames that are predicted from them. Consequently, EPMC only multiplies the effect of other mechanisms.

关键词： multigeneration image/video coding transform coding motion estimation MPEG standard

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Data driven structure-from-motion using the epipolar corridor constraint

Data driven structure-from-motion using the epipolar corrido...

引用

1997 conference on visual communications and image processing

作者： Steinbach, E Girod, B Chaudhuri, S Univ. Erlangen-Nuernberg (Germany) Indian Institute of Technology (India)

ISBN: (纸本)0819424358

In this paper we present a new approach to robust 3D rigid body motion estimation and scene structure recovery using an epipolar corridor. In comparison to traditional two stage approaches we do not rely on independent establishment of feature point correspondences and subsequent computation of 3D motion parameters, but iteratively feed the motion parameters back to the point correspondence estimator, restricting the search space to an epipolar corridor. As the iterations proceed we narrow the width of the corridor and reach a stable solution with all point correspondences obeying the epipolar line constraint. The Least Median of Squares (LMedS) estimator is integrated into the 3D motion parameter estimation framework to deal with the multi-motion problem. The position of the feature points along the epipolar line finally leads to structure recovery from motion. Experimental results using real and synthetic image sequence data show the ability of the approach to robustly estimate three-dimensional motion parameters.

关键词： computer vision image sequence analysis structure-from-motion epipolar constraint epipolar corridor scene structure recovery motion analysis robust statistics

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