A method for the visualization of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in phase space is described. The signal is transformed from the time domain to phase space by measuring the correlation dimension of the data and constr...
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A method for the visualization of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in phase space is described. The signal is transformed from the time domain to phase space by measuring the correlation dimension of the data and constructing the attractor in the required embedding space, which is normally of dimension 3 to 8. A singular value decomposition is used to obtain a good projection to 3-D. Animation of a series of 2-D rotated projections provides a way to visualize the fine structure of the reconstructed 3-D attractor. Examples and a computer package are briefly described.< >
Jet spatial resolution as visualized by color Doppler flow mapping has previously been shown to be affected by physical factors, such as driving pressure, and technical factors, such as instrument settings. An additio...
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Jet spatial resolution as visualized by color Doppler flow mapping has previously been shown to be affected by physical factors, such as driving pressure, and technical factors, such as instrument settings. An additional factor producing superimposed variability, namely, the interaction of the jet with solid boundaries, in the distal receiving chamber, is illustrated. The broader point that jet velocities (i.e., Doppler images) do not uniquely represent jet volume is demonstrated.< >
A method for 3D surface mapping from computer tomography (CT) images of the abdomen is described. The liver can be visualized in 3D from any perspective and can be shown either alone or through the translucent abdomin...
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A method for 3D surface mapping from computer tomography (CT) images of the abdomen is described. The liver can be visualized in 3D from any perspective and can be shown either alone or through the translucent abdominal wall. Artificial-intelligence techniques are used to identify salient anatomic features from which the lobar and segmental anatomy can be determined. These methods are applied to abdominal CTs of potential donors of segmental liver transplants, in which preoperative volumetry and visualization of the left lateral segment are of significant value.< >
An application area for computer visualization, namely, nucleotide sequence analysis, and a visualization technique, termed a correlation image (CI), are presented. A CI is produced by comparing two sequences in all p...
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An application area for computer visualization, namely, nucleotide sequence analysis, and a visualization technique, termed a correlation image (CI), are presented. A CI is produced by comparing two sequences in all possible alignments, with each image row corresponding to a distinct alignment. Information of interest to molecular biologists (e.g., inverted and direct repeats, insertions, deletions, homology divergence) are clearly manifested as highly distinct geometric patterns in the image. A typical CI may represent several megabytes of information, yet the display can easily be created and scanned in seconds. The derivation and interpretation of CIs are shown. They are compared with other nucleotide sequence analysis techniques. The power of CIs in uncovering homologies is illustrated.< >
An algorithm for labeling image regions based on pixel-level statistical pattern recognition is presented. The structure of multiscale regions about each pixel is measured by means of isotropic Gaussian filters and by...
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An algorithm for labeling image regions based on pixel-level statistical pattern recognition is presented. The structure of multiscale regions about each pixel is measured by means of isotropic Gaussian filters and by a multiscale orientation field. A redundant feature space representing several aspects of image structure across scale, orientation, and space is created. The segmentation algorithm decides membership of pixels in regions by means of simple statistical pattern recognition methods, such as distance measurement and thresholding. Feature vectors are examined locally to determine region membership; the features incorporate multiscale image structure information. Results of multiscale image segmentations on biomedical images are presented.< >
The quality of different shading algorithms for use in tomographic volume visualization (z-buffer gradient, gray-level gradient, adaptive gray-level gradient, marching cubes, marching cubes segmentation with Phong int...
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The quality of different shading algorithms for use in tomographic volume visualization (z-buffer gradient, gray-level gradient, adaptive gray-level gradient, marching cubes, marching cubes segmentation with Phong interpolation, transparent gray-level gradient), using simulated and clinical data, is investigated. Error images are used to visualize deviations of the calculated surface normal vectors from the ideal values. For the assessment of transparent rendering, reflection maps are used. The best results are obtained with adaptive gray-level gradient shading and marching cubes segmentation with Phong interpolation. The first method is based on the voxel model and thus is especially suitable for interactive data exploration. The second creates a polygon structure, which may be manipulated with methods developed in computer graphics. Transparent gray-level gradient shading should only be used if no binary segmentation can be done.< >
The authors describe two ray-tracing algorithms for deriving an optical point-spread function (PSF) from corneal topography measurements: one a simple adaptation of the lensmaker's equations, the other a classical...
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The authors describe two ray-tracing algorithms for deriving an optical point-spread function (PSF) from corneal topography measurements: one a simple adaptation of the lensmaker's equations, the other a classical geometric refraction. The relative efficiency of the two algorithms is objectively evaluated in terms of actual computer time. The overall difference in the resulting PSFs is characterized by means several statistical measures, and subjective evidence of the accuracy of modeling visual effects is presented.< >
A cepstrum technique that not only is capable of precise registration of fundus images but also leads to three-dimensional reconstruction of fundus structures with a motion stereo model is presented. The use of cepstr...
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A cepstrum technique that not only is capable of precise registration of fundus images but also leads to three-dimensional reconstruction of fundus structures with a motion stereo model is presented. The use of cepstrum techniques allows the representation of the three-dimensional features in a quantitative manner that is impossible to obtain from just a stereoscopic view. A geometrical transformation using a set of polynomial functions is introduced. The definition of the two-dimensional power cepstrum and the analytical procedure for obtaining the disparity are shown in detail. A modified time-sequenced stereo model using a matching technique, i.e., the two-dimensional cepstrum, is introduced.< >
A series of computer-generated two-dimensional color animations depicting basic concepts of acoustic transduction in the middle and inner ears for a medical school course on hearing mechanisms are presented. Topics an...
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A series of computer-generated two-dimensional color animations depicting basic concepts of acoustic transduction in the middle and inner ears for a medical school course on hearing mechanisms are presented. Topics and concepts covered in the animations include motion of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain, the traveling-wave pattern of basilar membrane motion, cochlear micromechanics, inner hair cell depolarization, tonotopic organization and the place principle of frequency coding and temporal coding of frequency. A SuperCard application controls the animations and provides access to additional material pertaining to the auditory periphery, such as illustrations, photographs, text and interactive quizzes. These materials are packaged in two versions, one for classroom presentation, the other for use as a study aid.< >
The volumetric rendering technique, a method for creating 3D images of medical volume data sets, and its application to clinical medicine are discussed. Several features of this technique alleviate problems found in u...
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The volumetric rendering technique, a method for creating 3D images of medical volume data sets, and its application to clinical medicine are discussed. Several features of this technique alleviate problems found in using other image generation techniques. It allows for the use of a mixture paradigm for representation of the volume to be rendered. It uses mathematical techniques which reduce or eliminate aliasing (a significant source of computer-generated artifacts). The volumetric rendering of computer tomography data can be broken into four steps: volume formation, classification, rotation, and projection.< >
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