The authors describe an image analysis that provides a quasi-hierarchy of image regions in terms of which humans can quickly build object regions by an interactive approach. This hierarchy is generated by the ridge st...
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The authors describe an image analysis that provides a quasi-hierarchy of image regions in terms of which humans can quickly build object regions by an interactive approach. This hierarchy is generated by the ridge structure of the intensity surface corresponding to the image. These ridges, in turn, are defined by an intensity axis of symmetry (IAS), which forms a branching structure in which the branches correspond to image regions and the parent/child relationships indicate ridge/subridge structure. The parent/child relationships are computed by following the IAS structure through changes in spatial scale, with scale change achieved by a diffusion in which conduction may be related to edge strength.< >
The observation phase of a research project that is designed to explore the nature of visual radiological diagnosis is described. The phase is concerned with the collection and analysis of visual protocol data in orde...
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The observation phase of a research project that is designed to explore the nature of visual radiological diagnosis is described. The phase is concerned with the collection and analysis of visual protocol data in order to determine the salient image features that may impact on the different stages of the diagnostic process, both perceptual and cognitive. The observational phase includes both a reading room component, whereby the regular activities and behaviours of radiologists were observed on a daily basis, and a transitional component, during which selected subjects were observed performing radiological diagnosis on cases presented both on film and on a computer screen. The results of the transitional component have been tabulated and analyzed according to features, timing, and performance. No significant problems were encountered during the transition from film to CRT.< >
An approach for reconstructing the three-dimensional geometry of the coronary arteries from a limited number of two-dimensional angiographic views and producing a computer model which can be used to quantify and visua...
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An approach for reconstructing the three-dimensional geometry of the coronary arteries from a limited number of two-dimensional angiographic views and producing a computer model which can be used to quantify and visualize the coronary vasculature is presented. The approach incorporates a hierarchical database that organizes geometric information from arbitrary arterial structures in a natural fashion. Detecting and locating vascular structure from angiographic images are partially automated through entropy edge detection techniques. The back projection algorithm accurately models the nonparallel geometry inherent in X-ray biplane angiography and produces a quantitative description of vascular structure, including estimates of vessel diameters aid lengths. The approach has been applied in phantom studies, in which quantitative comparisons were made, and patient studies, in which qualitative evaluations were made.< >
Successful treatment planning in radiation therapy depends in part on understanding the spatial relationship between patient anatomy and the distribution of radiation dose. Several visualizations based on volume rende...
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Successful treatment planning in radiation therapy depends in part on understanding the spatial relationship between patient anatomy and the distribution of radiation dose. Several visualizations based on volume rendering that offer potential solutions to this problem are presented. The visualizations use region boundary surfaces to display anatomy, polygonal meshes to display treatment beams, and isovalue contour surfaces to display dose. To improve perception of spatial relationships, metallic shading, surface and solid texturing, synthetic fog, shadows, and other artistic devices are used. Also outlined is a method based on 3-D mip maps for efficiently generating perspective volume renderings and beam's-eye views.< >
The authors describe a knowledge-based system for detecting the interior and exterior boundaries of the left ventricle (LV) from time-varying cross-sectional images of the beating heart obtained noninvasively by magne...
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The authors describe a knowledge-based system for detecting the interior and exterior boundaries of the left ventricle (LV) from time-varying cross-sectional images of the beating heart obtained noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The system automatically classifies and measures cardiac function through estimates of LV wall thickness, wall motion, etc. The system is knowledge based and it makes use of Dempster-Shafer theory to manage the knowledge. This theory is also used to control the flow of system information for more efficient use of limited computational resources and memory space.< >
The authors describe a PC AT-based workstation that allows stereotactic neurosurgery to be planned using stereoscopic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) projections in conjunction with computed tomography (CT) and/...
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The authors describe a PC AT-based workstation that allows stereotactic neurosurgery to be planned using stereoscopic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) projections in conjunction with computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance (MR) image data. Techniques for correlating the positions of targets and for performing measurements in images acquired from different modalities (i.e., CT, MR and DSA) are presented. The stereoscopic approach is discussed and compared with conventional methods of planning stereotactic neurosurgery. This method is found to be enlightening in terms of its ability to provide the observer with a 3D appreciation of the imaged structure. The ability to perform quantitative measurements, as well as view projection image data in 3D, is an attractive feature of the stereoscopic workstation and is considered crucial to planning many stereotactic procedures.< >
The concept of harnessing the power of a standard mechanical computer-aided-design (MCAD) system (I-deas) for anatomical illustrations is explored, with ancillary information linked to the rendering by a commercial re...
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The concept of harnessing the power of a standard mechanical computer-aided-design (MCAD) system (I-deas) for anatomical illustrations is explored, with ancillary information linked to the rendering by a commercial relational database (Paradox). The combined system is used to gather features found in tissue serial sections and to place them into a flexible database for further manipulation. Currently, the number of objects reconstructed by this system is limited only by disk space resources. Complex objects consisting, for instance, of bifurcations may be built from separate pieces. All Boolean operations found in the MCAD system are available for further dissection of the model. This database can be queried and then impressed upon the MCAD model for three-dimensional viewing.< >
An algorithm for reprojection of 3D data, called the fast Fourier projection (FFP), is presented. Its input data are in the spatial-frequency domain, which in most cases requires an initial 3D Fourier transformation, ...
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An algorithm for reprojection of 3D data, called the fast Fourier projection (FFP), is presented. Its input data are in the spatial-frequency domain, which in most cases requires an initial 3D Fourier transformation, but the FFP generates arbitrary views in significantly less computation time than previous methods. The theoretical basis of the method, including implications for image quality and artifacts, is presented. It may be implemented easily on conventional workstations and may be expected to run between 10 and 40 times as fast as ray-casting methods on a given processor. The user may freely zoom and rotate the view, the system filling in intermediate views quickly enough to provide motion-related depth cues (e.g., parallax) which aid visualization of 3D structures. A prototype software implementation and its performance are described.< >
A set of programs developed to display the potentials and the magnitudes of the estimated potential gradients generated by defibrillation shocks are discussed. There are three types of displays. The first type display...
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A set of programs developed to display the potentials and the magnitudes of the estimated potential gradients generated by defibrillation shocks are discussed. There are three types of displays. The first type displays three-dimensional surfaces constructed from electrode locations. Potentials or gradient magnitudes are interpolated over each surface and are displayed as spatial changes in intensity or hue. The second type of display is a three-dimensional surface reconstruction of the heart and electrodes. This display is used to verify the three-dimensional electrode coordinates that are obtained from digitized images of the heart. The third type of display is a volume reconstruction of the myocardium. In this display, spatial changes in potentials or gradient magnitudes in the myocardial volume are represented by spatially varying the hues of the volume elements. The electrical values of most volume elements are interpolated by means of a three-dimensional method based on discrete smooth interpolating.< >
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