The Terrestrial Planet Finder-Coronagraph (TPF-C) is a NASA exploration mission to directly detect and characterize terrestrial exoplanets at visible wavelengths. The TPF-C observatory must be able to distinguish a pl...
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The Terrestrial Planet Finder-Coronagraph (TPF-C) is a NASA exploration mission to directly detect and characterize terrestrial exoplanets at visible wavelengths. The TPF-C observatory must be able to distinguish a planet that is more than 10 orders of magnitude fainter than its parent star at a separation of 75 milli-arc-seconds (mas). Coronagraphic detection requires a large aperture telescope to resolve the exoplanet from its star, and extreme stability during detection and characterization observations. This paper discusses the requirements and trade studies leading to the current baseline opticaldesign for the TPF-C telescope. The current baseline design is summarized and its prescription is presented.
We present a purely mechanical means of producing highly concentric spherical lenses at the endfaces of optical fibers. The production process has two stages. First, conical lenses are produced in a grinding process t...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
We present a purely mechanical means of producing highly concentric spherical lenses at the endfaces of optical fibers. The production process has two stages. First, conical lenses are produced in a grinding process that ensures excellent concentricity. Then, the conical lenses are transformed to spherical lenses using a novel process called loose abrasive blasting. The cone grinding is carried out on a microgrinding machine, which has a sophisticated control system that enables the production of precision conical lenses. The blasting is carried out on a diamond blasting machine. Plots showing automatic centering performance of the microgrinding machine and scanning electron microscopy images of the conical and spherical lenses are presented. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.
It is well known that a fish-eye lens produces a circular image of the scene with a particular distortion profile. When using a fish-eye lens with a standard sensor (e.g. 1/3", 1/4",.), only a part of the re...
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It is well known that a fish-eye lens produces a circular image of the scene with a particular distortion profile. When using a fish-eye lens with a standard sensor (e.g. 1/3", 1/4",.), only a part of the rectangular detector area is used, leaving many pixels unused. We proposed a new approach to get enhanced resolution for panoramic imaging. In this paper, various arrangements of innovative 180-degree anamorphic wide-angle lensdesign are considered. Their performances as well as lens manufacturability are also discussed. The concept of the design is to use anamorphic optics to produce elliptical image that maximize pixel resolution in both axis. Furthermore, a non-linear distortion profile is also introduced to enhance spatial resolution for specific field angle. Typical applications such as panoramic photography, video conferencing, and homeland/transportation security are also presented.
A historical collection of Corning Tropel optical systems was analyzed with the primary goal of organizing and archiving the designs in a searchable computer database. The analysis of these systems was two-fold: the s...
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A historical collection of Corning Tropel optical systems was analyzed with the primary goal of organizing and archiving the designs in a searchable computer database. The analysis of these systems was two-fold: the system data and documented design procedure were examined from both a technical as well as a historical viewpoint. Items of historical interest included letters and handwritten comments from various well-known designers, computer print outs from early lensdesign programs, and aberration plots and pictures of the system drawn painstakingly by hand. The technical analysis involved entering the system data into a modern day computer analysis package (CODE V) and comparing the performance (in the form of MTFs, field and distortion curves, etc.) with the original performance claimed by each system. One of the most significant findings was the ability to consistently replace obsolete glasses with current glasses, without sacrificing performance. In some cases, it was even possible to reoptimize the system and improve the performance.
This paper describes how genetic programming was used as an automated invention machine to synthesize both the topology and numerical parameters for seven previously patented opticallens systems, including one aspher...
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This paper describes how genetic programming was used as an automated invention machine to synthesize both the topology and numerical parameters for seven previously patented opticallens systems, including one aspherical system and one issued in the 21st-century. Two of the evolved opticallens systems infringe the claims of the patents and the others are novel solutions that satisfy the design goals stated in the patent. The automatic synthesis was done "from scratch" - that is, without starting from a pre-existing good design and without pre-specifying the number of lenses, the topological layout of the lenses, or the numerical parameters of the lenses. Genetic programming is a form of evolutionary computation used to automatically solve problems. It starts from a high-level statement of what needs to be done and progressively breeds a population of candidate individuals over many generations using the principle of Darwinian natural selection and genetic recombination. The paper describes how genetic programming created eyepieces that duplicated the functionality of seven previously patented lens systems. The seven designs were created in a substantially similar and routine way, suggesting that the use of genetic programming in the automated design of both the topology and numerical parameters for opticallens systems may have widespread utility.
We obtained novel analytic expressions which permit us to realize the opticaldesign of any thick lens, this analysis include both first and exact order design. We employ the conic constant of the first surface to cor...
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We obtained novel analytic expressions which permit us to realize the opticaldesign of any thick lens, this analysis include both first and exact order design. We employ the conic constant of the first surface to correct the marginal spherical aberration. We analyzed both finite and infinite conjugates cases. Examples done with our methodology also show good agreement with commercial opticaldesign programs.
A novel method for the fabrication of continuous micro-optical components is presented in this paper. It employs a computer controlled spatial-light-modulator (SLM) as a switchable projection mask and silver-halide se...
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A novel method for the fabrication of continuous micro-optical components is presented in this paper. It employs a computer controlled spatial-light-modulator (SLM) as a switchable projection mask and silver-halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) as recording material. By etching SHSG with enzyme solution, the micro-optical components with relief modulation can be generated through special processing procedures. The principles of digital SLM-based lithography and enzyme etching SHSG are discussed in detail, and microlens arrays, micro axicon-lens arrays and gratings with good profile were achieved. This method is simple, cheap and the aberration in processing procedures can be in-situ corrected in the step of designing mask, so it is a practical method to fabricate continuous profile for low-volume production.
Several small-field catadioptric opticaldesigns have been developed over the last decade to meet the demanding needs from lithographers. design solutions that use a multi-function component can provide nearly perfect...
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Several small-field catadioptric opticaldesigns have been developed over the last decade to meet the demanding needs from lithographers. design solutions that use a multi-function component can provide nearly perfect wavefront correction for optical systems with broad bandwidth sources, such as free running (un-narrowed) excimer lasers operating at wavelengths below 300 nm, with limited choices of optical materials with high transmission at these wavelengths. From these catadioptric design forms, variations have been developed to accommodate changes in wavelength, increases in the numerical aperture and conversion of the imaging medium from nitrogen to ultra-high purity water and other high index fluids for immersion lithography applications. Some designs also address the need for increased working distance. This paper will discuss the use of multi-function components, the evolution of several design forms, the optical materials required, their benefits for specific applications, and the challenges they have created.
Freeform optical surfaces are defined as any non-rotationally symmetric surface or a symmetric surface that is rotated about any axis that is not its axis of symmetry. These surfaces offer added degrees of freedom tha...
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Freeform optical surfaces are defined as any non-rotationally symmetric surface or a symmetric surface that is rotated about any axis that is not its axis of symmetry. These surfaces offer added degrees of freedom that can lead to lower wavefront error and smaller system size as compared to rotationally symmetric surfaces. Unfortunately, freeform optics are viewed by many designers as more difficult and expensive to manufacture than rotationally symmetric optical surfaces. For some freeform surfaces this is true, but a designer has little or no feedback to quantify the degree of difficulty for manufacturing a surface. This paper describes a joint effort by optical Research Associates (ORA) and the Precision engineering Center (PEC) at North Carolina State University to integrate metrics related to the cost and difficulty of manufacturing a surface into the merit function that is used during the design of an optical system using Code V®. By incorporating such information into the merit function, it is possible to balance optical performance and manufacturability early in the design process.
In this paper we present the fabrication of optical mode field adaptors for fiber optical communications devices in combination with a new method for spot size measurement for single mode optical components. At the en...
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In this paper we present the fabrication of optical mode field adaptors for fiber optical communications devices in combination with a new method for spot size measurement for single mode optical components. At the end of standard single mode fibers we have manufactured reproducible mode field transformers with diameters from 5 μm to 90 μm. Additionally, we present a new planar optical field characterization method. BPM simulations are performed to predict the spot sizes at different fiber end diameters. Based on the measurement of a singlemode fiber in accordance with ITU Recommendation G.652 the efficiency is demonstrated and discussed.
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