Some all-spherical designs are presented that are variations of the positive-negative-positive triplet with the stop at the front. Examples include a compact wide angle (60° field of view) near-telecentric lens, ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Some all-spherical designs are presented that are variations of the positive-negative-positive triplet with the stop at the front. Examples include a compact wide angle (60° field of view) near-telecentric lens, as well as super-achromatic, telecentric lenses for the visible to infrared (450-1000nm or 450-2300 nm) and mid-wave and thermal infrared. This design form, loosely thought of as a boosted version of the rear landscape lens, has provided a useful optimization starting point for a variety of designs with different requirements.
Saddle-point construction (SPC) is a new method to insert lenses into an existing design. With SPC, by inserting and extracting, lenses new system shapes can be obtained very rapidly, and we believe that, if added to ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Saddle-point construction (SPC) is a new method to insert lenses into an existing design. With SPC, by inserting and extracting, lenses new system shapes can be obtained very rapidly, and we believe that, if added to the opticaldesigner's arsenal, this new tool can significantly increase design productivity in certain situations. Despite the fact that the theory behind SPC contains mathematical concepts that are still unfamiliar to many opticaldesigners, the practical implementation of the method is actually very easy and the method can be fully integrated with all other traditional design tools. In this work we will illustrate the use of SPC with examples that are very simple and illustrate the essence of the method. The method can be used essentially in the same way even for very complex systems with a large number of variables, in situations where other methods for obtaining new system shapes do not work so well.
The traditional approach to optical system engineering separates the scene, optics, and detector as static entities, optimizing the design to meet subsystem specifications of aperture, field size, encircled energy, re...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
The traditional approach to optical system engineering separates the scene, optics, and detector as static entities, optimizing the design to meet subsystem specifications of aperture, field size, encircled energy, read noise, dynamic range, and other electro-optical properties. The Scene-Based Sensor Model (SBSM) represents a different approach by simulating the scene, optics and detector as a cohesive model using commercially available optical ray-tracing software. The objects are modeled as temporally changing entities, with characteristics including reflectance, absorbance, fluorescence, and scattering. Likewise, the detectors are modeled with their properties of temporal noise, spatial non-uniformity, nonlinear gain, and offset drift. The end-to-end simulation produces "photons-to-bits" analysis applicable to a variety of optical systems. First results are illustrated with ray tracing simulation of moving fluorescent objects and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.
A mathematical approach for the third order solution for a general zoom lensdesign is proposed. The design starts with a first-order layout. lens elements with the proper refracting power are placed at the proper dis...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
A mathematical approach for the third order solution for a general zoom lensdesign is proposed. The design starts with a first-order layout. lens elements with the proper refracting power are placed at the proper distances to meet the physical constraints of the intended lens system. For the third-order design stage, a matrix notation called "Aberration Polynomial," which clarifies the linearity of the transformation from a normal thin group configuration to a general thin,group configuration by pupil shift and conjugate shift theory is implemented. The purpose of the method is correcting low-order aberrations during the preliminary design of zoom lenses. The goal is to mathematically reduce to zero the four aberration coefficients of the third-order (spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and distortion) rather than searching for a minimum by commercial design software. Once this theory is proven and accepted, it becomes possible to determine how many groups are needed for a particular optical system. The method of aberration polynomials establishes the number of groups needed to correct a given number of aberrations at a Given number of zoom positions. Furthermore, it provides the shape or bending of the elements, from where it will be possible to continue to optimize with standard methods.
Research and development efforts to improve the performance of telecentric lensdesign for large-format cameras are driven by the ever-increasing deployment of these types of systems into the industrial Imaging arena....
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Research and development efforts to improve the performance of telecentric lensdesign for large-format cameras are driven by the ever-increasing deployment of these types of systems into the industrial Imaging arena. These lensdesigns typically have stringent requirements for contrast and resolution (> 30% at 1001p/mm) across large sensor sizes (up to 90mm) while maintaining both object- and image-space 91 telecentricity (0.1 degrees object-space, 0.2 degrees image-space). This paper explores various characteristics related to large-format telecentric lensdesigns and performance. In particular, details around advantages of afocal finite-conjugate imaging, mathematic expression for chromatic telecentricity, and desensitization of working distance variance are discussed with reference to geometric optics and aberration theory. Improvement of chromatic telecentricity and relief of requirement on image-distance accuracy are shown with graphics and MTF plots. Product parameter performance data is provided as an example.
A pupil engineered with a polarization vortex can have a profound impact on certain classes of optical systems. This paper describes the recent history, ongoing activity, and applications of polarization vortices in o...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
A pupil engineered with a polarization vortex can have a profound impact on certain classes of optical systems. This paper describes the recent history, ongoing activity, and applications of polarization vortices in optical system design, with special attention to the impact of a vortex filter placed in the pupil of an illumination system. Two systems of particular interest for these types of fields are confocal microscopy, in which a dark field imaging mode is accessible, and immersion lithography, in which azimuthal illumination is favored.
Although hybrid (i.e. refractive-diffractive) surfaces are in common use in opticaldesign there are several phenomena which affect design MTF that are not routinely modeled in current commercial versions of optical d...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Although hybrid (i.e. refractive-diffractive) surfaces are in common use in opticaldesign there are several phenomena which affect design MTF that are not routinely modeled in current commercial versions of optical desig,n software. Typically the details of the diffractive structure are not taken into account and rays are traced through the hybrid surface employing a vector grating equation which uses the phase gradient associated with the diffractive definition to calculate a local grating spacing and orientation and from this grating information a 'diffracted ray' angle. This geometrical-optics based procedure has limitations;(I)it considers only the design diffraction order, (2)it does not take into account the sub-aperturing effect whereby color correction is reduced along, with zone count, and (3) the model used does not generate an exact blaze profile. In this paper we discuss progress in application of diffraction-based beam propagation tools in combination with a physical definition of the diffractive structure to more accurately model these secondary effects on design MTF. Results are given for some simple lenses and also the effects to be expected for a more complex zoom lens.
Nowadays most industrial and laboratory motion measuring equipment makes use of optical encoders to measure rotation and linear displacements with sub-micrometrical resolution. In this work we introduce a new design o...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Nowadays most industrial and laboratory motion measuring equipment makes use of optical encoders to measure rotation and linear displacements with sub-micrometrical resolution. In this work we introduce a new design of an optical encoder based on a non diffractive beam, a binary amplitude grating and a monolithic photodetector. Two theoretical models of the system are proposed and implemented to obtain numerical results. The performance of the design is also investigated through experimental measurements. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the models predictions.
Here, we consider one of the most important problems related to optimizing the performance data of a new acousto-optical spectrometer for the analysis of radio-astronomical signals. The main attention is paid to estim...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Here, we consider one of the most important problems related to optimizing the performance data of a new acousto-optical spectrometer for the analysis of radio-astronomical signals. The main attention is paid to estimating two factors governing the dynamic range of that spectrometer. At first, we determine the influence of the acoustic attenuation along a large-aperture acousto-optical cell on potential levels of lobes in focal plane of the integrating lens and then describe capabilities of the incident light beam apodization for increasing the dynamic range of spectrometer. These studies lie in a line with the program of developing metrological equipment for Mexican Large Millimeter Telescope.
To analyze ghost effects in optical systems including decentred coatings with thickness variations, polarized light and interactions with object and image planes is a difficult task. Thanks to a battery of tools espec...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
To analyze ghost effects in optical systems including decentred coatings with thickness variations, polarized light and interactions with object and image planes is a difficult task. Thanks to a battery of tools especially developed in the last ten years and applied to many different situations, it is possible to do such jobs in a quick and elegant manner. As an example, we shall consider optical relay lenses used for photolithography. The object plane is the reticle;The image plane is the wafer.
暂无评论