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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering vIII

作者： Spilman, Alexis K. Beckley, Amber M. Brown, Thomas G. Univ Rochester Inst Opt Rochester NY 14627 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468154

A variety of interesting polarization effects can be observed using a parallel-face window placed under symmetric stress of order m = 3 and illuminated with polarized light. Such windows, when placed under sufficient stress, can produce rings of alternating vortex and non-vortex fields. When light is brought to a focus, one component of circular polarization forms two nearly diffraction limited focal spots with axial separation larger than the usual depth of focus. We analyze and experimentally test these phenomena using interferometric methods as well as a Strehl ratio model and conclude by discussing applications to optical imaging.

关键词： polarization birefringence vortex beams

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Proceedings of SPIE: current developments in lens Desian and optical engineering vIII

Proceedings of SPIE: Current Developments in Lens Desian and...

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering vIII

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468154

The proceedings contain 24 papers. The topics discussed include;new generation of high-resolution panoramic lenses;design and analysis of diffractive astigmatic lens for DvD pickup;large-format telecentric lens;rear landscape on steroids;optical encoder based on a nondiffractive beam;practical guide to saddle-point construction in lens design;predictability and unpredictability in optical system optimization;third order aberration solution using aberration polynomials for a general zoom lens design;vision multiplexing: an optical engineering concept for low-vision aids;modeling of polychromatic MT losses due to secondary effects in diffractive lenses;scene-based sensor modeling using optical design software;spectral response evaluation and computation for pushbroom imaging spectrometers;polarization vortices in optical design;and focal splitting and optical vortex structure induced by stress birefringence.

关键词： optical instrument lenses

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Bi-centenary of successes of Fourier theorem: Its power and limitations in optical system designs

Bi-centenary of successes of Fourier theorem: Its power and ...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering vIII

作者： Roychoudhuri, Chandrasekhar U Connecticut & Femto Macro Continuum Storrs Dept Phys Photon Lab Storrs CT USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468154

We celebrate the two hundred years of successful use of the Fourier theorem in optics. However, there is a great enigma associated with the Fourier transform integral. It is one of the most pervasively productive and useful tool of physics and optics because its foundation is based on the superposition of harmonic functions and yet we have never declared it as a principle of physics for valid reasons. And, yet there are a good number of situations where we pretend it to be equivalent to the superposition principle of physics, creating epistemological problems of enormous magnitude. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the problems while underscoring the successes and the elegance of the Fourier theorem, which are not explicitly discussed in the literature. We will make our point by taking six major engineering fields of optics and show in each case why it works and under what restricted conditions by bringing in the relevant physics principles. The fields are (i) optical signal processing, (ii) Fourier transform spectrometry, (iii) classical spectrometry of pulsed light, (iv) coherence theory, (v) laser mode locking and (vi) pulse broadening. We underscore that mathematical Fourier frequencies, not being physical frequencies, cannot generate real physical effects on our detectors. Appreciation of this fundamental issue will open up ways to be innovative in many new optical instrument designs. We underscore the importance of always validating our design platforms based on valid physics principles (actual processes undergoing in nature) captured by an appropriate hypothesis based on diverse observations. This paper is a comprehensive view of the power and limitations of Fourier Transform by summarizing a series of SPIE conference papers presented during 2003-2007.

关键词： Fourier transforms Spectroscopy Superposition Sensors Transform theory Physics Diffraction Time-frequency analysis visibility

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Predictability and unpredictability in optical system optimization

Predictability and unpredictability in optical system optimi...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering vIII

作者： van Turnhout, Maarten Bociort, Florian Delft Univ Technol Opt Res Grp Lorentzweg 1 NL-2628 CJ Delft Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468154

Local optimization algorithms, when they are optimized only for speed, have in certain situations an unpredictable behavior: starting points very close to each other lead after optimization to different minima. In these cases, the sets of points, which, when chosen as starting points for local optimization, lead to the same minimum (the so-called basins of attraction), have a fractal-like shape. Before it finally converges to a local minimum, optimization started in a fractal region first displays chaotic transients. The sensitivity to changes in the initial conditions that leads to fractal basin borders is caused by the discontinuous evolution path (i.e. the jumps) of local optimization algorithms such as the damped-least-squares method with insufficient damping. At the cost of some speed, the fractal character of the regions can be made to vanish, and the downward paths become more predictable. The borders of the basins depend on the implementation details of the local optimization algorithm, but the saddle points in the merit function landscape always remain on these borders.

关键词： optimization optical system design saddle points fractals basins of attraction

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New generation of high-resolution panoramic lenses

New generation of high-resolution panoramic lenses

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering vIII

作者： Thibault, Simon Optics Division/Principal Optical Designer ImmerVision 2020 University Montreal QC H3A 2A5 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468154

During the last few years, innovative optical design strategies to generate and control image mapping have been successful in producing high-resolution digital imagers. This success has, in turn, increased the interest in the high-resolution camera and absolute measurement with high-resolution wide-angle lenses. This new generation of panoramic lenses includes catadioptric panoramic lenses, panoramic annular lenses, visible/IR fisheye lenses, anamorphic wide-angle attachments, and visible/IR panomorph lenses. Given that a wide-angle lens images a large field of view on a limited number of pixels, a systematic pixel-to-angle mapping will help the efficient use of each pixel in the field of view. In this study, the various relevant tradeoffs will be detailed and the advantages and disadvantages of panoramic lenses will be discussed. Of particular concern in the optical design of a panoramic imager is the uniformity of the image quality;because two hemispherical images can be stitched together digitally to form a complete 360-degrees X 360-degrees image, the performance of the lens at 90 degrees (preferably more than 90 degrees) is just as important as at the centre. Lateral colour, edge compression (distortion) and severe drop-off of the relative illumination can also present significant image defects and may cause seams in the immersive image. Finally, we will present various current scenarios where a high-resolution panoramic imager will be most advantageous.

关键词： optical instrument lenses

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vision multiplexing: an optical engineering concept for low-vision aids

Vision multiplexing: an optical engineering concept for low-...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering vIII

作者： Peli, Eli Harvard Univ Sch Med Dept Ophthalmol Schepens Eye Res Inst Boston MA 02115 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468154

The normal visual system provides a wide field of view apparently at high resolution. The wide field is continuously monitored at low resolution for navigation and detection of objects of interest. These objects are sampled using the high-resolution fovea, applying a temporal multiplexing scheme. Most vision impairments that cause low vision impact upon only one of the components;the peripheral low-resolution wide field or the central high-resolution fovea. The loss of one of these components prevents the interplay of central and peripheral vision needed for normal function and causes disability. Traditional low-vision aids improve the impacted component, but usually at a cost of a significant loss in the surviving component. For example, magnifying devices increase resolution but reduce the field of view, while minifying devices increase the field of view but reduce resolution. A general optical engineering approach - vision multiplexing - is presented. vision multiplexing seeks to provide both the wide field of view and the high-resolution information in ways that could be accessed and interpreted by the visual system. The use of various optical and electro-optical methods in the development of a number of new visual aids, all of which apply vision multiplexing to restore the interplay of high-resolution and wide-angle vision using eye movements in a natural way, will be described. vision-multiplexing devices at various stages of development and testing illustrate the successes and difficulties in applying this approach for patients with tunnel vision, hemianopia (half blindness), and visual acuity loss (usually due to central retinal disease).

关键词： bioptic telescope in-the-lens telescope IOL macular degeneration peripheral prisms retinitis pigmentosa

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Polarization dependent proximity effects

Polarization dependent proximity effects

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Conference on optical Microlithography XX

作者： Tyminski, Jacek. K. Matsuyama, Tomoyuki Nakashima, Tashiharu Schmoeller, Thomas Lewellen, John Nikon Precis Inc 1399 Shoreway Rd Belmont CA 94002 USA Synopsys Inc D-81737 Munich Germany Nikon Inc Kumagaya Saitama 3608559 Japan Synopsys Inc Mountain View CA 94043 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466396

To meet the imaging resolution requirements, driven by the evolution of IC design rules, leading-edge scanners incorporate projection lenses with hyper-NAs. Moreover, immersion scanners are being introduced into IC manufacture. Both dry and immersion tools explore the lens design regimes of unprecedented complexity. The need to predict, to analyze and to control the IC pattern CDs is met by various photolithography simulators. The continuing demand for simulation accuracy is reflected by the requirement to quantify the scanner projection lens fingerprints, i.e. projection lens infinitesimal excursions from the ideal performance. The scanner engineering community has been relying on photolithography simulators to analyze the impact of the projection lens fingerprints on the imaging characteristics. However small, these excursions are always present in the projection tools and they control important imaging characteristics such as overlay, CD uniformity, across-field exposure latitude, to name but a few. Customarily, phase front aberrations and lens pupil apodization signatures have been used to predict the scanners imaging responses. Of course, the need to design, to manufacture and to deploy scanners of ever improving quality resulted in dramatic reductions of these non-ideal imaging excursions. The evolution of IC designs and imaging tools complexity escalate the requirements for imaging simulation accuracy. Simultaneously, predicting scanner imaging response has become a key mission in the Deign For Manufacture arena. In view of these developments, it necessary to pose a question if the conventional equipment engineering and imaging simulation methodologies predict scanner imaging responses with the accuracy required by the IC design rules. Differently put, the question is: what is necessary to provide simulation accuracy required by the current IC design rules? This report attempts to address these questions.

关键词： projection lens model vectorization wavefront aberrations optical proximity effects

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Proceedings of SPIE - current developments in lens design and optical engineering vII

Proceedings of SPIE - Current Developments in Lens Design an...

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering vII

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

The proceedings contain 34 papers. The topics discussed include: fundamental and specific steps in Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor design;a hardware-based simulation platform for optical design and engineering;low profile optic for mobile camera using dual freedom reflective lenses;end-to-end compensation of digital-optical imaging system;optical design for the adaptive secondary setup and instrument stimulator (ASSIST);actual field curvature and isoquals;self-weight distortion of lens elements;influence of striae on the homogeneity of the linear thermal expansion coefficient of ZERODUR;sedimentations on high precision surfaces of advanced materials by magnetorheological finishing;automatic birefringence characterization of single-mode erbium-doped fibers within the amplification band;stabilization of the line of sight of a cryogenic optical system;and design of a thermal imaging diagnostic using 90-degree off-axis parabolic mirrors.

关键词： optical design

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Analysis and design of an adaptive lens

Analysis and design of an adaptive lens

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering vII

作者： Santiago-Alvarado, A. vazquez-Montiel, S. Gonzalez-Garcia, J. Garcia-Luna, v. M. Fernandez-Morena, A. vera-Diaz, E. UTM Inst Fis & Matemat Huajuapan Leon Oaxaca 6900 Mexico INAOE Inst Opt Puebla Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

This study presents the design and analysis of a lens with a variable focal length, which we will call an adaptive lens. This lens is formed of two transparent elastic surfaces with a transparent liquid medium between them. The mechanical design of the lens considers the variation of liquid pressure between the surfaces. This causes changes in curvature radii and in the axial thickness, generating variations in the focal length of the lens. An analysis is given of changes in lens power with respect to changes in pressure. Finally, a model of the human eye is presented using this adaptive lens as crystalline.

关键词： adaptive elastic surfaces liquid lens model human eyes

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Balancing detector effects with aberrations in the design of wide-field grazing incidence x-ray telescopes

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optical engineering 2006年第6期45卷 063003-1-063003页

作者： Harvey, James E. Atanassova, Martina Krywonos, Andrey Univ Cent Florida CREOL Orlando FL 32826 USA

Most imaging systems today include a mosaic detector array in the focal plane. optical designers of astronomical telescopes typically produce a design that yields a superb on-axis aerial image in the focal plane, and detector effects are included only in the analysis of the final system performance. Aplanatic optical designs (corrected for spherical aberration and coma) are widely considered to be superior to nonaplanatic designs. However, there is little merit in an aplanatic design for wide-field applications because one needs to optimize some field-weighted-average measure of resolution over the desired operational field of view (OFOv). Furthermore, when used with a mosaic detector array in the focal plane, detector effects eliminate the advantage of the aplanatic design even at small field angles. For wide fields of view, the focal plane is frequently despaced to balance field curvature with defocus thus obtaining better overall performance. We will demonstrate that including detector effects in the optical design process results in a different optimal (nonaplanatic) design for each OFOv that is even superior to an optimally despaced aplanatic design. (c) 2006 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.

关键词： detector effects wide-field imaging systems grazing incidence x-ray telescopes

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