In this paper I will describe some of the properties that govern retarders made of uni-axial birefrigent materials, and discuss how to optimize wide field of view superachromatic retarders using commercially available...
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In this paper I will describe some of the properties that govern retarders made of uni-axial birefrigent materials, and discuss how to optimize wide field of view superachromatic retarders using commercially available software. To demonstrate the technique, examples of half wave plates are shown, that achieve maximum 0.04 waves of retardance deviation over the wavelength range 300 nm to 1100 nm having a field of view +/-10 degrees.
The Terrestrial Planet Finder-Coronagraph (TPF-C) is a NASA exploration mission to directly detect and characterize terrestrial exoplanets at visible wavelengths. The TPF-C observatory must be able to distinguish a pl...
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The Terrestrial Planet Finder-Coronagraph (TPF-C) is a NASA exploration mission to directly detect and characterize terrestrial exoplanets at visible wavelengths. The TPF-C observatory must be able to distinguish a planet that is more than 10 orders of magnitude fainter than its parent star at a separation of 75 milli-arc-seconds (mas). Coronagraphic detection requires a large aperture telescope to resolve the exoplanet from its star, and extreme stability during detection and characterization observations. This paper discusses the requirements and trade studies leading to the current baseline opticaldesign for the TPF-C telescope. The current baseline design is summarized and its prescription is presented.
It is well known that a fish-eye lens produces a circular image of the scene with a particular distortion profile. When using a fish-eye lens with a standard sensor (e.g. 1/3", 1/4",.), only a part of the re...
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It is well known that a fish-eye lens produces a circular image of the scene with a particular distortion profile. When using a fish-eye lens with a standard sensor (e.g. 1/3", 1/4",.), only a part of the rectangular detector area is used, leaving many pixels unused. We proposed a new approach to get enhanced resolution for panoramic imaging. In this paper, various arrangements of innovative 180-degree anamorphic wide-angle lensdesign are considered. Their performances as well as lens manufacturability are also discussed. The concept of the design is to use anamorphic optics to produce elliptical image that maximize pixel resolution in both axis. Furthermore, a non-linear distortion profile is also introduced to enhance spatial resolution for specific field angle. Typical applications such as panoramic photography, video conferencing, and homeland/transportation security are also presented.
This paper describes how genetic programming was used as an automated invention machine to synthesize both the topology and numerical parameters for seven previously patented opticallens systems, including one aspher...
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This paper describes how genetic programming was used as an automated invention machine to synthesize both the topology and numerical parameters for seven previously patented opticallens systems, including one aspherical system and one issued in the 21st-century. Two of the evolved opticallens systems infringe the claims of the patents and the others are novel solutions that satisfy the design goals stated in the patent. The automatic synthesis was done "from scratch" - that is, without starting from a pre-existing good design and without pre-specifying the number of lenses, the topological layout of the lenses, or the numerical parameters of the lenses. Genetic programming is a form of evolutionary computation used to automatically solve problems. It starts from a high-level statement of what needs to be done and progressively breeds a population of candidate individuals over many generations using the principle of Darwinian natural selection and genetic recombination. The paper describes how genetic programming created eyepieces that duplicated the functionality of seven previously patented lens systems. The seven designs were created in a substantially similar and routine way, suggesting that the use of genetic programming in the automated design of both the topology and numerical parameters for opticallens systems may have widespread utility.
A novel method for the fabrication of continuous micro-optical components is presented in this paper. It employs a computer controlled spatial-light-modulator (SLM) as a switchable projection mask and silver-halide se...
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A novel method for the fabrication of continuous micro-optical components is presented in this paper. It employs a computer controlled spatial-light-modulator (SLM) as a switchable projection mask and silver-halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) as recording material. By etching SHSG with enzyme solution, the micro-optical components with relief modulation can be generated through special processing procedures. The principles of digital SLM-based lithography and enzyme etching SHSG are discussed in detail, and microlens arrays, micro axicon-lens arrays and gratings with good profile were achieved. This method is simple, cheap and the aberration in processing procedures can be in-situ corrected in the step of designing mask, so it is a practical method to fabricate continuous profile for low-volume production.
Several small-field catadioptric opticaldesigns have been developed over the last decade to meet the demanding needs from lithographers. design solutions that use a multi-function component can provide nearly perfect...
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Several small-field catadioptric opticaldesigns have been developed over the last decade to meet the demanding needs from lithographers. design solutions that use a multi-function component can provide nearly perfect wavefront correction for optical systems with broad bandwidth sources, such as free running (un-narrowed) excimer lasers operating at wavelengths below 300 nm, with limited choices of optical materials with high transmission at these wavelengths. From these catadioptric design forms, variations have been developed to accommodate changes in wavelength, increases in the numerical aperture and conversion of the imaging medium from nitrogen to ultra-high purity water and other high index fluids for immersion lithography applications. Some designs also address the need for increased working distance. This paper will discuss the use of multi-function components, the evolution of several design forms, the optical materials required, their benefits for specific applications, and the challenges they have created.
In this paper we present the fabrication of optical mode field adaptors for fiber optical communications devices in combination with a new method for spot size measurement for single mode optical components. At the en...
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In this paper we present the fabrication of optical mode field adaptors for fiber optical communications devices in combination with a new method for spot size measurement for single mode optical components. At the end of standard single mode fibers we have manufactured reproducible mode field transformers with diameters from 5 μm to 90 μm. Additionally, we present a new planar optical field characterization method. BPM simulations are performed to predict the spot sizes at different fiber end diameters. Based on the measurement of a singlemode fiber in accordance with ITU Recommendation G.652 the efficiency is demonstrated and discussed.
New technologies for the fabrication of aspheres have increased opportunities for using aspheres in a wider range of optical systems. If manufacturability is considered early in the opticaldesign process, the short a...
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New technologies for the fabrication of aspheres have increased opportunities for using aspheres in a wider range of optical systems. If manufacturability is considered early in the opticaldesign process, the short and long term costs of the aspheric surface can be greatly reduced without sacrificing performance. The opticaldesigner must learn how to select optimum materials for aspheres. Using non-staining glasses, higher index glass types, and softer glass types can help reduce production costs. If the opticaldesigner understands what range of aspheric surfaces can be manufactured, they can constrain the aspheric surface during optimization. The steepness of the aspheric departure (the slope of the aspheric departure) often has a larger impact on manufacturing difficulty than the amplitude of the asphere or the steepness of the base radius. Tolerancing can increase the difficulty without measurably improving optical performance. Finally, the asphere can be designed for ease of metrology. Understanding the options that are available for aspheric metrology will allow the engineer to control tooling and fixturing that is required for testing.
The incorporation of aspheric lenses in complex lens system can provide significant image quality improvement, reduction of the number of lens elements, smaller size, and lower weight. Recently, it has become practica...
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The incorporation of aspheric lenses in complex lens system can provide significant image quality improvement, reduction of the number of lens elements, smaller size, and lower weight. Recently, it has become practical to manufacture aspheric glass lenses using diamond-grinding methods. The evolution of the manufacturing technology is discussed for a specific aspheric glass lens. When a prototype all-glass lens system (80 mm efl, F/2.5) was fabricated and tested, it was observed that the image quality was significantly less than was predicted by the opticaldesign software. The cause of the degradation was identified as the large aspheric element in the lens. Identification was possible by precision mapping of the spatial coordinates of the lens surface and then transforming this data into an appropriate optical surface defined by derived grid sag data. The resulting optical analysis yielded a modeled image consistent with that observed when testing the prototype lens system in the laboratory. This insight into a localized slope-error problem allowed improvements in the fabrication process to be implemented. The second fabrication attempt, the resulting aspheric lens provided remarkable improvement in the observed image quality, although still falling somewhat short of the desired image quality goal. In parallel with the fabrication enhancement effort, optical modeling of the surface was undertaken to determine how much surface error and error types were allowable to achieve the desired image quality goal. With this knowledge, final improvements were made to the fabrication process. The third prototype lens achieved the goal of optical performance. Rapid development of the aspheric glass lens was made possible by the interactive relationship between the opticaldesigner, diamond-grinding personnel, and the metrology personnel. With rare exceptions, the subsequent production lenses were optical acceptable and afforded reasonable manufacturing costs.
The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera will be launched in August 2005 onboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft. HiRISE supports the MRO Mission objectives through target...
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The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera will be launched in August 2005 onboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft. HiRISE supports the MRO Mission objectives through targeted imaging of nadir and off-nadir sites with high resolution and high signal to noise ratio [a]. The camera employs a 50 cm, f/24 all-reflective optical system and a time delay and integration (TDI) detector assembly to map the surface of Mars from an orbital altitude of ∼ 300 km. The ground resolution of HiRISE will be < 1 meter with a broadband red channel that can image a 6 × 12 km region of Mars into a 20K × 40K pixel image. HiRISE will image the surface of Mars at three different color bands from 0.4 to 1.0 micrometers. In this paper the HiRISE mission and its camera opticaldesign will be presented. Alignment and assembly techniques and test results will show that the HiRISE telescope's on-orbit wave front requirement of < 0.071 wave RMS (@633nm) will be met. The HiRISE cross track field is 1.14 degrees with IFOv 1.0 μ-radians.
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