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design of an interferometric system for piston measurements in segmented primary mirrors

Design of an interferometric system for piston measurements ...

引用

Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Arasa, J Laguarta, F Pizarro, C Tomàs, N Pintó, A UPC Ctr Dev Sensors Instrumentat & Syst CD6 E-08222 Terrassa Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

Recently, telescopes with segmented primary mirrors are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability of achieving large apertures without the inconveniences caused by the fabrication and handling of monolithic surfaces with 8m (or over) in diameter. The difference in position of each pair of adjacent segments along the local normal of their interface (called piston hereafter), however, needs to be precisely measured in order to provide a diffraction-limited image. If a system yielding the nanometric accuracy required in piston measurements worked in daylight hours, the resultant saving in observation time would be an important advance on a majority of the state-of-the-art piston measurement systems. An interferometric piston measurement instrument accomplishing such objectives has been designed starting from the usual Michelson configuration at the CD6 (Terrassa, Spain), and its final test has been carried out in the test workbench of the Institute de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC, Canary Islands, Spain). Its optical layout relies on projecting the reference arm of the interferometer onto one of the segments of the pair considered, along the direction of the local normal to the surface while the measurement arm is projected onto the interface which divides the pair of segments considered. The field of view and its illumination are calculated to be equivalent in both segments. The lateral shift of the fringes in both interferograms determines the piston error present. A combination of monochromatic and white light is used, in order to remove the lambda /2 phase ambiguities present in piston measurements without losing the required resolution in the measurement. In this paper, the optical design of this interferometric piston measurement instrument will be presented. The particular configuration used in the interferometer, the implementation of an imaging system allowing to see both the interface of the segments and the interference fringes, the effect of the ext

关键词： optical design white light interferometer segmented primary mirrors telescopes

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Optomechanical design of the incubator Wide Field of View Imaging Spectrometer

Optomechanical design of the incubator Wide Field of View Im...

引用

Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Haring, RE Vanstone, G Nguyen, F Rodil, C Orbital Sci Corp Pomona CA 91767 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

The optomechanical design of the Wide Field of View Imaging Spectrometer (WFIS) is presented. Developed under NASA's Instrument Incubator Program, the Incubator WFIS is a hyperspectral-imaging spectrometer covering a 120 degrees x .015 degrees field of view over a 360 nm to 1000 nm spectral range. The Incubator's mission is to demonstrate, via night aboard NASA's DC-8 Research Aircraft, new technology for earth science. The Incubator WFIS is designed specifically for observing the earth and earth's atmosphere for chemistry and aerosol studies. The optomechanical design couples an off-axis F/3 Schwarzschild telescope to a three element Offner Spectrometer using two unique anamorphic/aspheric field elements. The complete sensor, including a CCD detector and electronics, occupies a volume of approximately cubic shape measuring 25 cm on an edge. An off-axis optical system such as the incubator WFIS requires a multidisciplinary design approach. This paper emphasizes the importance that systems approach plays in optomechanical design. This is typified by the trades performed to establish the optimum design alternative for the optical metering structure to achieve the 0.010 nm wavelength stability (with a 0.005 nn goal) needed for the science mission.

关键词： hyperspectral imaging remote sensing

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Projection lenses for high resolution ablation with excimer lasers:: high performance, wide field and high UV laser power

Projection lenses for high resolution ablation with excimer ...

引用

Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Schlichting, J Winkler, K Körner, L Schletterer, T Burghardt, B Kahlert, HJ JENOPT Laser Opt Syst GMBH Jena Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

The productive and accurate ablation of microstructures demands the precise imaging of st mask pattern onto the substrate under work. The job can be done with high performance wide field lenses as a key component of ablation equipment. The image field has dimensions of 20 to 30 mm. Typical dimensions and accuracy of the microstructures are in the order of some microns. On the other hand, the working depth of focus (DOF) has to be in the order of some 10 microns to be successful on drilling through 20 to 50 mum substrates. All these features have to be reached under the conditions of high power laser UV light Some design principles for such systems are applied, such as optimum number of elements, minimum tolerance sensitivity, material restrictions for the lens elements as well as mechanical parts (mounting), restrictions of possible power densities on lens surfaces (including ghosts), matched quality for the manufactured system. The special applications require appropriate performance criteria for theoretical calculation and measurements, which allow to conclude the performance of the application. The base is wave front calculation and measurement (using Shack-Hartmann sensor) in UV. Derived criteria are calculated and compared with application results.

关键词： laser ablation excimer laser imaging high performance optics systems design

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Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam or honeycomb sandwich construction - A case study for the GLAS telescope

Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam o...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Conkey, SB Lee, C Chaykovsky, S Content, D Morell, A Budinoff, J Swales Aerosp Inc Beltsville MD 20705 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

A simple closed form solution was derived for the optimum weight design of a cylindrical sandwich mirror for a given self-weight deflection and mirror radius. This optimum solution is based on the generalized deflection equation for an axisymmetrically supported thick circular plate. This two parameter equation of deflection captures the deflection of the plate caused by bending and transverse shear. The solution yields the optimum facesheet thickness, core thickness, and core density. The derived optimum solution was used in a case study for the GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) primary mirror. This Beryllium mirror is manufactured with an open back isogrid pattern. The objective of this study is to determine a lightweight mirror design using Aluminum sandwich construction that can meet the performances of the current mirror and reduce fabrication costs. With the optimum solution several first order approximations using Aluminum honeycomb or foam core were determined. The performance, 1 g deflection, and wave front error of these designs was determined from Finite Element Analysis. The results conclude that sandwich construction outperforms the isogrid design by significant margins on both weight and distortion if the same material is used. Because of its superior specific stiffness the Beryllium isogrid design still marginally outperforms the optimum Aluminum sandwich design. However, the Aluminum sandwich design should provide significant advantages on cost and ease of fabrication over Beryllium isogrid designs.

关键词： aluminum foam lightweight sandwich panel mirror optimization

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Baffling system for the Wide Angle Camera (WAC) of ROSETTA mission

Baffling system for the Wide Angle Camera (WAC) of ROSETTA m...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Brunello, P Peron, F Barbieri, C Fornasier, S IUAV Univ Dept Bldg Construct Venice Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

After the experience of GIOTTO fly-by to comet Halley in 1986, the European Space Agency planned to improve the scientific knowledge of these astronomical objects by means of an even more ambitious rendezvous mission with another comet (P/Wirtanen). This mission, named ROSETTA, will go on from 2003 to 2013, ending after the comet perihelion phase and including also the ny-by with two asteroids of the main belt (140 Siwa and 4979 Otawara). Scientific priority of the mission is the in situ investigation of the cometary nucleus, with the aim of better understanding the formation and the composition of planetesimals and their evolution over the last 4.5 billions of years. In this context, the Authors were involved in the design of the baffling for the Wide Angle Camera (WAC) of the imaging system (OSIRIS) carried on board of the spacecraft. Scientific requirements for the WAC are: a large field of view (FOV) of 12 degrees x 12 degrees with a resolution of 100 mu rad per pixel, UV response, and a contrast ratio of 10(-4) in order to detect gaseous and dusty features close to the nucleus of the comet. To achieve these performances, a fairly novel class of optical solutions employing off-axis sections of concentric mirrors was explored. Regarding baffling, the peculiar demand was the rejection of stray-light generated by the optics for sources within the FOV, since the optical entrance aperture is located at the level of the secondary mirror (instead of the primary as usual). This paper describes the baffle design and analyzes its performances, calculated by numerical simulation with ray tracing methods, at different angles of incidence of the Light, for sources both outside and inside the field of view.

关键词： baffling system optical design stray-light analysis

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Reflectivities of light-absorptive coatings within visible wavelengths range

Reflectivities of light-absorptive coatings within visible w...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Moldosanov, KA Henneck, R Skrynnikov, AM Kashirin, VA Makarov, VP Kobtsov, GA Samsonov, MA Kim, LS Special Design Off OKB Aalam Bishkek 720021 Kyrgyzstan

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

This paper concerns the light-absorptive coatings intended for reduction of stray sunlight in the satellite-borne optical instrumentation and particle-analyzing apparatus operating in open space under intensive solar illumination. Though the inner surfaces are the passive elements in optical instruments, nontheless the condition and reflectivity of their surfaces can have noticeable effect on the signal-to-noise ratio of their detectors. In order to reduce an influence of the stray light on sensitivity of devices, the reflectivities of inner surfaces are strived to keep minimum in those wavelengths ranges, where the detectors spectral responses are high. We measured reflectivities of several types of traditional Tight-absorptive coatings and also tested our own approach to development of low reflectivity materials. The reflectivities were measured in visible and near-infrared wavelengths ranges (400 to 927 nm), as well as at the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line (121.6 mn), the most intensive line of the solar UV radiation. Also, the values of the solar absorptance alpha (s) and the emissivity epsilon were measured. They made it possible to classify the investigated coatings with their respects to a possible use in converters of solar radiation into the heat. Conclusions are given on application of diverse coatings depending on the instrument's detector type, operational wavelengths range, and operating conditions.

关键词： stray light sunlight light-absorptive coating low reflectivity material optical instrumentation

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MicroScan: a DMD based optical surface profiler

MicroScan: a DMD based optical surface profiler

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Bitte, F Dussler, G Pfeifer, T Frankowski, G IPT Fraunhofer Inst Prod Technol D-52074 Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

A Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) consists of an array of e.g. 1024 x 786 small micromirrors. Each of these mirrors has a size of 16 mum and can be individually switched to an angle of either +10 degrees or -10 degrees. Depending on how these micromirror pixels are switched various reflected patterns or images can be projected digitally when the DMD is properly illuminated. Whereas classical applications for DMDs include digital image- and video-projection, further applications in the field of optical metrology are possible as well. Since the DMD can also act as a pinhole, a new type of optical surface-profiler resembling a confocal microscope but using the DMD for flexible illumination and lateral scanning of the specimen has currently been set up at the Fraunhofer IPT. There are various process-parameters that influence the measurement, among these are e.g. pinhole-size, pinhole-shape, lateral step-size and the number of pinholes used simultaneously. With the presented instrument these process-parameters can not only be easily configured for individual measurements by simply programming the DMD, but also adaptive control of these parameters during the measurement may be achieved. The paper explains basics of DMD technology and confocal microscopy, illustrates the principle of the newly designed instrument, discusses difficulties and shows first results achieved with a set-up demonstrator.

关键词： optical metrology 3D surface inspection confocal microscope optical scanner digital micromirror device DMD MEMS

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GRADIUM for image intensifier night vision systems for long-range target recognition

GRADIUM for image intensifier night vision systems for long-...

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current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Pande, R.C. Krishna, K.Siva Rama Instruments Research & Development Establishment Dehradun India

Ever since the gradient index (GRIN) materials came into existence, there have been continuous efforts by various research groups in the world to improve these materials and explore their potential for designing high-performance and compact optical systems. Recently, with the advent of a commercial gradient index glass such as GRADIUM by LightPath Technologies Inc., Arizona, (USA) there has been an increased interest among optical engineers to use these materials for developing realisable GRIN systems. We have previously reported the use of GRADIUM in image intensifier tube based night vision systems such as passive night vision goggles for patrolling and passive night sights for drivers of armored vehicles. These applications generally use systems with unit magnification and large field of view. Derivatives of Double-Gauss configuration are best suited for the front-end objective lens of such systems. In this paper, we discuss the use of GRADIUM in night vision systems for long-range target recognition under low-level of illumination. These applications use image intensifier night vision telescopes having certain desired magnifications. The front-end objectives used for such telescopes should have large focal lengths and high apertures generally in the range of 80 mm to 140 mm for meeting the range specifications for target recognition. Petzval type of configuration is typically used for realizing such large-aperture and low f-number objectives with high contrast at lower frequencies throughout the image field. Use of conventional glass elements in such systems often limits the off-axis performance. We demonstrate, in this paper, the potential of GRADIUM in improving the overall performance of a pair of conventional Petzval objectives used in night vision devices for long range observations.

关键词： optical systems

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Rotating prisms scanning system to equip a NFOV camera lens

Rotating prisms scanning system to equip a NFOV camera lens

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8th Conference on current developments in optical design and optical engineering

作者： Curatu, E Chevrette, P StGermain, D Natl Opt Inst St Foy PQ G1P 4N8 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0819432652

This paper presents the results given by the nominal design and tolerance analysis of a narrow-field-of-view camera lens equipped with a rotating prism scanning system. The first aspects taken into consideration have been the compensation of the chromatic aberration, distortion reduction, and the correlation between depth-of-field and lens resolution. Then, a rigorous approach to determine the relationship between the field-of-regard direction and the prism orientations is discussed. Finally, the tolerance analysis results give the predictable pointing direction precision as function of the system tolerances.

关键词： rotating prisms Risley prisms scanning system

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Calibrations and idiosyncrasies of micro-lensed CCD cameras

Calibrations and idiosyncrasies of micro-lensed CCD cameras

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8th Conference on current developments in optical design and optical engineering

作者： Penkethman, JA Electroglas Inc Santa Clara CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819432652

Modern CCD cameras that are typically produced in high volume for consumer and machine vision applications can be used as precisely calibrated image sensors. New CCD chips with on-chip micro lens arrays, however, have some characteristics that limit design choices where precise illumination uniformity is required The micro lenses cause vignetting and limit the angular aperture of each pixel. This paper measures vignetting and consequent shading for a typical micro lensed CCD chip. Nevertheless, when properly designed, camera systems employing these advanced CCD chips can be precisely calibrated with respect to face plate irradiance.

关键词： CCD micro lens array calibration irradiance uniformity illumination uniformity on-chip lens array

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