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Ultra-precision linear actuator for optical systems

Ultra-precision linear actuator for optical systems

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Nalbandian, R Moog Inc Schaeffer Magnet Div Chatsworth CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

The Ultra-Precision Linear Actuator presented in this paper was developed for the Next Generation Space Telescope's (NGST) primary mirror surface figure control. The development was a joint effort between Alson E. Hatheway, Inc (AEH) and Moog, Schaeffer Magnetics Division(SMD)(1). The goal of this project was to demonstrate an extremely light weight, relatively high stiffness actuator capable of operating uniformly well over the range of 20 degreesK to 300 degreesK and achieving diffraction-limited performance (+/-10 nm) in the optical band for weeks at a time, while consuming no electrical power and dissipating no heat. The essence of the design challenge was to develop a lightweight, high stiffness, low power, thermally stable linear positioning mechanism. Actuation systems with resolutions comparable to that of this design normally are operated in a closed-loop control system to compensate for any non-linearities and hysteresis inherent in their enabling technologies, such as piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers. These technologies require continuous application of power and therefore are not low power consumption devices. The development challenge was met through the use of Alson E. Hatheway's (AEH) patented Rubicon elastic transducer(2) which consists of two elastic elements;a soft spring and a stiff flexural member. Deflection of the soft spring applies a force input to the stiff flexure, which responds with a proportionally reduced output deflection. To maintain linearity, the displacements, and hence the stresses, developed in both elastic members are kept well below the elastic yield strength of the material. The AEH transducer is inherently linear and hysteresis free.

关键词： linear actuator precision nanometer optical

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Thermo-elastic wavefront and polarization error analysis of a telecommunication optical circulator

Thermo-elastic wavefront and polarization error analysis of ...

引用

Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Doyle, KB Bell, MM Opt Res Associates Westborough MA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

Loss in optical fiber coupling efficiency and transmission are computed for a telecommunication optical circulator. optical performance degradation is due to thermally induced optical errors in the two beam splitter cubes. The computation of the optical errors is discussed for two materials and the effects illustrated. Bulk, volumetric absorption of the incident laser radiation from the input optical fiber and surface absorption via the coatings on the beam splitter interface generate temperature gradients. Loss in optical fiber coupling efficiency is produced by wavefront error caused by thermal expansion effects, and refractive index changes with temperature and stress. Transmission loss in the optical circulator is caused by polarization errors generated by the effects of stress birefringence. The optical errors were computed using temperatures generated from a Thermal Desktop model and displacements and stresses generated by a MSC/Nastran finite element model. The optical errors were imposed upon a Code V optical model to compute loss in fiber coupling efficiency and transmission in the optical circulator.

关键词： beam splitter cubes wavefront error fiber coupling efficiency optical circulator stress birefringence thermo-elastic analysis

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Inclusion of energetic features in wavefront descriptions

Inclusion of energetic features in wavefront descriptions

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Pizarro, C Arasa, J Royo, S Tomàs, N UPC Tech Univ Catalunya Ctr Dev Sensors Instrumentat & Syst CD6 E-08222 Terrassa Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

Different wavefront description possibilities are today available to the optical designer, usually in the form of polynomial fitting (Seidel, Zernike, monomials...). This kind of representations have the general drawback of being based merely in the geometrical shape of the wavefront considered, calculated as a distribution of optical path differences, without taking into account the energetic distribution present in the wavefront. As a consequence, optimization of optical systems is carried on based only on geometrical criterions, while applications tend to rely more on energetic properties of the wavefront (detection on CCD arrays or photodiodes, image formation, etc). In this paper we are proposing a new type of wavefront descriptor which includes its energetic distribution. The description is based on classical ray tracing procedures, in such a way that in each surface normal to the axis of the optical system, information on the position (z,y) and director cosines (w,v) of the ray are known, together with the energy flux assigned to each ray (F). This allows obtaining the energetic distribution in any plane in the optical system together with the classical wavefront description based in OPD calculations, allowing to obtain complementary wavefront information. This complementary wavefront description has been applied to some simple optical systems (a large diameter cemented achromatic doublet, and a Cooke's triplet) showing how even in these very simple case the differences in the energetic distribution and the geometrical shape at the exit pupil plane are relevant. Such a fact is demonstrated by least-squares fitting of the surfaces to a monomial representation, allowing the determination of the different primary aberration coefficients. Finally, differences in the geometrical PSF and the energetic distribution calculated are plotted to show they may achieve maximum deviations of up to 11% of the PSF value for the doublet, and 25% for the triplet. In addition, t

关键词： optical design wavefront descriptor optimization radiometry

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design of an interferometric system for piston measurements in segmented primary mirrors

Design of an interferometric system for piston measurements ...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Arasa, J Laguarta, F Pizarro, C Tomàs, N Pintó, A UPC Ctr Dev Sensors Instrumentat & Syst CD6 E-08222 Terrassa Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

Recently, telescopes with segmented primary mirrors are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability of achieving large apertures without the inconveniences caused by the fabrication and handling of monolithic surfaces with 8m (or over) in diameter. The difference in position of each pair of adjacent segments along the local normal of their interface (called piston hereafter), however, needs to be precisely measured in order to provide a diffraction-limited image. If a system yielding the nanometric accuracy required in piston measurements worked in daylight hours, the resultant saving in observation time would be an important advance on a majority of the state-of-the-art piston measurement systems. An interferometric piston measurement instrument accomplishing such objectives has been designed starting from the usual Michelson configuration at the CD6 (Terrassa, Spain), and its final test has been carried out in the test workbench of the Institute de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC, Canary Islands, Spain). Its optical layout relies on projecting the reference arm of the interferometer onto one of the segments of the pair considered, along the direction of the local normal to the surface while the measurement arm is projected onto the interface which divides the pair of segments considered. The field of view and its illumination are calculated to be equivalent in both segments. The lateral shift of the fringes in both interferograms determines the piston error present. A combination of monochromatic and white light is used, in order to remove the lambda /2 phase ambiguities present in piston measurements without losing the required resolution in the measurement. In this paper, the optical design of this interferometric piston measurement instrument will be presented. The particular configuration used in the interferometer, the implementation of an imaging system allowing to see both the interface of the segments and the interference fringes, the effect of the ext

关键词： optical design white light interferometer segmented primary mirrors telescopes

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Optomechanical design of the incubator Wide Field of View Imaging Spectrometer

Optomechanical design of the incubator Wide Field of View Im...

引用

Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Haring, RE Vanstone, G Nguyen, F Rodil, C Orbital Sci Corp Pomona CA 91767 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

The optomechanical design of the Wide Field of View Imaging Spectrometer (WFIS) is presented. Developed under NASA's Instrument Incubator Program, the Incubator WFIS is a hyperspectral-imaging spectrometer covering a 120 degrees x .015 degrees field of view over a 360 nm to 1000 nm spectral range. The Incubator's mission is to demonstrate, via night aboard NASA's DC-8 Research Aircraft, new technology for earth science. The Incubator WFIS is designed specifically for observing the earth and earth's atmosphere for chemistry and aerosol studies. The optomechanical design couples an off-axis F/3 Schwarzschild telescope to a three element Offner Spectrometer using two unique anamorphic/aspheric field elements. The complete sensor, including a CCD detector and electronics, occupies a volume of approximately cubic shape measuring 25 cm on an edge. An off-axis optical system such as the incubator WFIS requires a multidisciplinary design approach. This paper emphasizes the importance that systems approach plays in optomechanical design. This is typified by the trades performed to establish the optimum design alternative for the optical metering structure to achieve the 0.010 nm wavelength stability (with a 0.005 nn goal) needed for the science mission.

关键词： hyperspectral imaging remote sensing

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Projection lenses for high resolution ablation with excimer lasers:: high performance, wide field and high UV laser power

Projection lenses for high resolution ablation with excimer ...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Schlichting, J Winkler, K Körner, L Schletterer, T Burghardt, B Kahlert, HJ JENOPT Laser Opt Syst GMBH Jena Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

The productive and accurate ablation of microstructures demands the precise imaging of st mask pattern onto the substrate under work. The job can be done with high performance wide field lenses as a key component of ablation equipment. The image field has dimensions of 20 to 30 mm. Typical dimensions and accuracy of the microstructures are in the order of some microns. On the other hand, the working depth of focus (DOF) has to be in the order of some 10 microns to be successful on drilling through 20 to 50 mum substrates. All these features have to be reached under the conditions of high power laser UV light Some design principles for such systems are applied, such as optimum number of elements, minimum tolerance sensitivity, material restrictions for the lens elements as well as mechanical parts (mounting), restrictions of possible power densities on lens surfaces (including ghosts), matched quality for the manufactured system. The special applications require appropriate performance criteria for theoretical calculation and measurements, which allow to conclude the performance of the application. The base is wave front calculation and measurement (using Shack-Hartmann sensor) in UV. Derived criteria are calculated and compared with application results.

关键词： laser ablation excimer laser imaging high performance optics systems design

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Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam or honeycomb sandwich construction - A case study for the GLAS telescope

Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam o...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Conkey, SB Lee, C Chaykovsky, S Content, D Morell, A Budinoff, J Swales Aerosp Inc Beltsville MD 20705 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

A simple closed form solution was derived for the optimum weight design of a cylindrical sandwich mirror for a given self-weight deflection and mirror radius. This optimum solution is based on the generalized deflection equation for an axisymmetrically supported thick circular plate. This two parameter equation of deflection captures the deflection of the plate caused by bending and transverse shear. The solution yields the optimum facesheet thickness, core thickness, and core density. The derived optimum solution was used in a case study for the GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) primary mirror. This Beryllium mirror is manufactured with an open back isogrid pattern. The objective of this study is to determine a lightweight mirror design using Aluminum sandwich construction that can meet the performances of the current mirror and reduce fabrication costs. With the optimum solution several first order approximations using Aluminum honeycomb or foam core were determined. The performance, 1 g deflection, and wave front error of these designs was determined from Finite Element Analysis. The results conclude that sandwich construction outperforms the isogrid design by significant margins on both weight and distortion if the same material is used. Because of its superior specific stiffness the Beryllium isogrid design still marginally outperforms the optimum Aluminum sandwich design. However, the Aluminum sandwich design should provide significant advantages on cost and ease of fabrication over Beryllium isogrid designs.

关键词： aluminum foam lightweight sandwich panel mirror optimization

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Baffling system for the Wide Angle Camera (WAC) of ROSETTA mission

Baffling system for the Wide Angle Camera (WAC) of ROSETTA m...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Brunello, P Peron, F Barbieri, C Fornasier, S IUAV Univ Dept Bldg Construct Venice Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

After the experience of GIOTTO fly-by to comet Halley in 1986, the European Space Agency planned to improve the scientific knowledge of these astronomical objects by means of an even more ambitious rendezvous mission with another comet (P/Wirtanen). This mission, named ROSETTA, will go on from 2003 to 2013, ending after the comet perihelion phase and including also the ny-by with two asteroids of the main belt (140 Siwa and 4979 Otawara). Scientific priority of the mission is the in situ investigation of the cometary nucleus, with the aim of better understanding the formation and the composition of planetesimals and their evolution over the last 4.5 billions of years. In this context, the Authors were involved in the design of the baffling for the Wide Angle Camera (WAC) of the imaging system (OSIRIS) carried on board of the spacecraft. Scientific requirements for the WAC are: a large field of view (FOV) of 12 degrees x 12 degrees with a resolution of 100 mu rad per pixel, UV response, and a contrast ratio of 10(-4) in order to detect gaseous and dusty features close to the nucleus of the comet. To achieve these performances, a fairly novel class of optical solutions employing off-axis sections of concentric mirrors was explored. Regarding baffling, the peculiar demand was the rejection of stray-light generated by the optics for sources within the FOV, since the optical entrance aperture is located at the level of the secondary mirror (instead of the primary as usual). This paper describes the baffle design and analyzes its performances, calculated by numerical simulation with ray tracing methods, at different angles of incidence of the Light, for sources both outside and inside the field of view.

关键词： baffling system optical design stray-light analysis

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Reflectivities of light-absorptive coatings within visible wavelengths range

Reflectivities of light-absorptive coatings within visible w...

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Moldosanov, KA Henneck, R Skrynnikov, AM Kashirin, VA Makarov, VP Kobtsov, GA Samsonov, MA Kim, LS Special Design Off OKB Aalam Bishkek 720021 Kyrgyzstan

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

This paper concerns the light-absorptive coatings intended for reduction of stray sunlight in the satellite-borne optical instrumentation and particle-analyzing apparatus operating in open space under intensive solar illumination. Though the inner surfaces are the passive elements in optical instruments, nontheless the condition and reflectivity of their surfaces can have noticeable effect on the signal-to-noise ratio of their detectors. In order to reduce an influence of the stray light on sensitivity of devices, the reflectivities of inner surfaces are strived to keep minimum in those wavelengths ranges, where the detectors spectral responses are high. We measured reflectivities of several types of traditional Tight-absorptive coatings and also tested our own approach to development of low reflectivity materials. The reflectivities were measured in visible and near-infrared wavelengths ranges (400 to 927 nm), as well as at the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line (121.6 mn), the most intensive line of the solar UV radiation. Also, the values of the solar absorptance alpha (s) and the emissivity epsilon were measured. They made it possible to classify the investigated coatings with their respects to a possible use in converters of solar radiation into the heat. Conclusions are given on application of diverse coatings depending on the instrument's detector type, operational wavelengths range, and operating conditions.

关键词： stray light sunlight light-absorptive coating low reflectivity material optical instrumentation

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MicroScan: a DMD based optical surface profiler

MicroScan: a DMD based optical surface profiler

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Conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Bitte, F Dussler, G Pfeifer, T Frankowski, G IPT Fraunhofer Inst Prod Technol D-52074 Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

A Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) consists of an array of e.g. 1024 x 786 small micromirrors. Each of these mirrors has a size of 16 mum and can be individually switched to an angle of either +10 degrees or -10 degrees. Depending on how these micromirror pixels are switched various reflected patterns or images can be projected digitally when the DMD is properly illuminated. Whereas classical applications for DMDs include digital image- and video-projection, further applications in the field of optical metrology are possible as well. Since the DMD can also act as a pinhole, a new type of optical surface-profiler resembling a confocal microscope but using the DMD for flexible illumination and lateral scanning of the specimen has currently been set up at the Fraunhofer IPT. There are various process-parameters that influence the measurement, among these are e.g. pinhole-size, pinhole-shape, lateral step-size and the number of pinholes used simultaneously. With the presented instrument these process-parameters can not only be easily configured for individual measurements by simply programming the DMD, but also adaptive control of these parameters during the measurement may be achieved. The paper explains basics of DMD technology and confocal microscopy, illustrates the principle of the newly designed instrument, discusses difficulties and shows first results achieved with a set-up demonstrator.

关键词： optical metrology 3D surface inspection confocal microscope optical scanner digital micromirror device DMD MEMS

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