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Toward deterministic construction of low noise avalanche photodetector materials

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2018年第10期113卷

作者： Rockwell, A. K. Ren, M. Woodson, M. Jones, A. H. March, S. D. Tan, Y. Yuan, Y. Sun, Y. Hool, R. Maddox, S. J. Lee, M. L. Ghosh, A. W. Campbell, J. C. Bank, S. R. Univ Texas Austin Dept Elect & Comp Engn Austin TX 78758 USA Univ Virginia Dept Elect & Comp Engn Charlottesville VA 22904 USA Univ Illinois Dept Elect & Comp Engn Urbana IL 61801 USA Univ Illinois Dept Mat Sci & Engn Urbana IL 61801 USA Univ Virginia Dept Phys Charlottesville VA 22904 USA

Over the past 40+ years, III-v materials have been intensively studied for avalanche photodetectors, driven by applications including optical communications, imaging, quantum information processing, and autonomous vehicle navigation. Unfortunately, impact ionization is a stochastic process that introduces noise, thereby limiting sensitivity and achievable bandwidths, leading to intense effort to mitigate this noise through the identification of different materials and device structures. Exploration of these materials has seen limited success as it has proceeded in a largely ad hoc fashion due to little consensus regarding which fundamental properties are important. Here, we report an exciting step toward deterministic design of low-noise avalanche photodetector materials by alternating the composition at the monolayer scale;this represents a dramatic departure from previous approaches, which have concentrated on either unconventional compounds/alloys or nanoscale band-engineering. In particular, we demonstrate how to substantially improve upon the noise characteristics of the current state-of-the art telecom avalanche multipliers, In0.52Al0.48As grown on InP substrates, by growing the structure as a strain-balanced digital alloy of InAs and AlAs layers, each only a few atomic layers thick. The effective k-factor, which has historically been considered a fundamental material property, was reduced by 6-7 x from k= 0.2 for bulk In0.52Al0.48As to k= 0.05 by using the digital alloy technique. We also demonstrate that these "digital alloys" can significantly extend the photodetector cutoff wavelength well beyond those of their random alloy counterparts. Published by AIP Publishing.

关键词： III-v semiconductors

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Reticle enhancement techniques toward iN7 metal2 8

Reticle enhancement techniques toward iN7 metal2

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Extreme Ultraviolet (EUv) Lithography vIII 2017

作者： Gillijns, W. Tan, L.E. Drissi, Y. Blanco, v. Trivkovic, D. Kim, R.H. Gallagher, E. McIntyre, G. Imec Kapeldreef 75 Leuven3001 Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9781510607378

The imec N7 (iN7) platform has been developed to evaluate EUv patterning of advanced logic BEOL layers. Its design is based on a 42 nm first-level metal (M1) pitch, and a 32 nm pitch for the subsequent metal layers1. With these pitches, the iN7 node is an 'aggressive' full-scaled N7, corresponding to IDM N7, or foundry N5. Regarding the metal 2 layer, imec is evaluating two integration approaches: EUv single print and SAQP+EUv Block. Extensive work is reported on both approaches2,3. The work detailed in this paper will deal about the computational work done prior to tape-out for the EUv direct print option. We will discuss the EUv source mask optimization for an ASML NXE:3300 EUv scanner. Afterwards we will shortly touch upon OPC compact modeling and more extensively on OPC itself. Based on the current design rules and MRC, printability checks indicate that only limited process windows are obtained. We propose ways to improve the printability through MRC and design. Applying those changes can potentially lead to a sufficient process window. © 2017 SPIE.

关键词： Metals

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High Performance optical Modulator and Detector for 100 Gb/s Transmission System

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ZTE Communications 2017年第3期15卷 46-51页

作者： ZHONG Fang GONG Pan ZHOU Zhiping HUA Feng WANG Huitao State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks School of Electronics Engineering and Computer SciencePeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Wireline Product Operation ZTE CorporationBeijing 100191China

Silicon photonics, one of the most promising candidates forbreaking the bottleneck of current optical transmission systems, has been developing rapidly in both performance andmaturity. The analysis and design of the two key componentsof this technology, the optical modulator and detector, are presented in this paper. The Mach-Zehnder modulator with Utype PN junction is optimized to obtain the modulation efficiency of 0.559 v·cm. The electro-optical 3 dB bandwidth ofthis device is 30 GHz. The simulation of the PIN waveguideSi based Ge photodetector at 1.55 μm wavelength is also presented. The device shows a very low dark current of about 10 nA-at1 v, and the obtained responsivity and 3 dB bandwidth are appreciable. These results practically meet the requirement of commercial 100 Gb/s optical transmission systems.

关键词： silicon photonics modulator detector

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Photodetector Characterization Based on DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell)

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and engineering 2019年第3期546卷

作者： Eka Maulana Dewi Nur Ayuningtya Masruroh Dept. of Electrical Engineering Brawijaya University Malang Dept. of Physic Brawijaya University Malang

A photodetector performance as a light sensor based on the design and material of DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) has been characterized. Oxide Semiconductor nanoparticle of TiO2 and extracted natural dye are used to absorb and convert incident photon to electric energy using a sandwich structure of 1.5 x 1.5 cm2 active area. The sensor materials were used include TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide) glass as substrate, electrolyte solution and carbon. Method of TiO2 deposition to the TCO glass substrate is spin coating and firing at 1,500 rpm and 450 °C, respectively. Natural dye was extracted from green algae by a different variation of solution concentration according to the ratio of mass and volume. The chlorophyll absorbance was investigated by spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 300-800 nm. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) is used to observe TiO2-coated TCO glass morphology. Fabricated sensors are characterized according to the electrical parameters of voltage and current towards light illuminance from the light source. This natural dye-based optical photodetector performance has been analysed to obtain linearity, sensitivity, uncertainty error, and other electrical transient response characteristics. The result of extracted chlorophyte absorbance shows a wavelength peak at 580 to 680 nm with different intensity; it indicates the visible light absorbance spectra occurred. Sensor measurement using light illumination up to 30,000 lux produces the highest rated voltage of 626.4 mv and current 78,7 (µA) at the ratio of 6:5 (m:v) solution. This sensor has a voltage sensitivity of 1,0875 mv/10lux and the current sensitivity of 0.0024 µA/lux. The voltage and current uncertainty error are 0.36% and 0.481%, respectively.

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Some methods for determining the limit of potential image quality of optical systems of various complexities using the database 17

Some methods for determining the limit of potential image qu...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XvII

作者： Bezdidko, S. JSC Krasnogorsky Zavod Krasnogorsk Moscow Region Russia

ISBN: (数字)9781510602861

ISBN: (纸本)9781510602854;9781510602861

In the article some methods for processing the information contained in a database are offered with the purpose of extraction of the knowledge, the experience and the intuition of the designers, coded in the database. It gives much attention to the methods for determinating limit potential image quality of optical systems of various complexities.

关键词： Lens design image quality orthogonal aberrations limiting aberration correction database

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developments of two 4 × 10 Gb/s vCSEL array drivers in 65 nm CMOS for HEP experiments

Developments of two 4 × 10 Gb/s VCSEL array drivers in 65 n...

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作者： Guo, D. Gong, D. Xiang, A.C. Moreira, P. Kulis, S. Chen, J. Hou, S. Liu, C. Liu, T. Prosser, A. He, H. Sun, Q. Wang, J. Yang, D. Ye, J. Zhou, W. Department of Physics Southern Methodist University DallasTX75275 United States CERN Geneva 231211 Switzerland Department of Electrical Engineering University of Houston HoustonTX77004 United States Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Nangang Taipei11529 Taiwan Real-Time Systems Engineering Department Fermi National Laboratory BataviaIL60510 United States Shenzhen Polytechnic Shzenzhen Guangdong518055 China Department of Physics Central China Normal University Wuhan Hubei430079 China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui230026 China

This paper presents the designs and test results of two radiation tolerant 4 × 10 Gb/s vertical cavity surface emitting laser (vCSEL) array drivers vLAD and lpvLAD, both fabricated in a 1.2v 65 nm CMOS technology. vLAD adopts a power efficient bandwidth-boost technology, and lpvLAD employs a novel high-efficiency output structure to achieve an ultra-lowpower consumption of 2.2 mW/Gb/ch with 2mA bias current and 6mA modulation current. Both drivers are optically tested passing 10 Gb/s eye mask with all channels active under the radiation of a total dose up to 350 Mrad(SiO2). © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab srl.

关键词： Timing circuits

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design considerations for future DEMO gyrotrons: A review on related gyrotron activities within EUROfusion

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FUSION engineering AND design 2017年 123卷 241-246页

作者： Jelonnek, J. Aiello, G. Alberti, S. Avramidis, K. Braunmueller, F. Bruschi, A. Chelis, J. Franck, J. Franke, T. Gantenbein, G. Garavaglia, S. Granucci, G. Grossetti, G. Illy, S. Ioannidis, Z. C. Jin, J. Kalaria, P. Latsas, G. P. Pagonakis, I. Gr. Rzesnicki, T. Ruess, S. Scherer, T. Schmid, M. Strauss, D. Wu, C. Tigelis, I. Thumm, M. Tran, M. Q. KIT IHM Hermann Von Helmholtz PI 1 D-76131 Karlsruhe Baden Wurttembe Germany KIT IHE D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany KIT IAM AWP D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne SPC CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Natl Res Council Italy Inst Plasma Phys P Caldirola Milan Italy Univ Athens NCSRD Fac Phys Athens Greece EUROfus Consortium Boltzmannstr 2 D-85748 Garching Germany Max Planck Inst Plasma Phys Boltzmannstr 2 D-85748 Garching Germany

Long-term options for a steady-state DEMOnstration power plant may require the availability of gyrotrons with an operating frequency significantly above 200 GHz together with an RF output power of more than 1 MW and a total gyrotron efficiency of better than 60%. Frequency tuning in steps of around 2-3 GHz might be needed for control of plasma stability. Multi-purpose operation at frequencies with leaps of about 30 GHz might be considered for plasma start-up, heating and current drive at different operation scenarios. The combination of those requirements clearly challenges present-day technological limits. The R&D work within the EUROfusion WP HCD EC Gyrotron R&D and Advanced developments is focusing on named targets. In particular, a centre frequency of around 240 GHz is under investigation. The coaxial-cavity gyrotron technology, and, as a possible fallback solution, the conventional hollow-cavity are under investigation. Both options are studied with regards to maximum achievable output power versus efficiency, operation stability and tolerances. Concerning the coaxial-cavity technology, an additional experimental investigation shall verify the predicted operation capabilities. various promising concepts for multi-stage depressed collectors (MSDC) are under investigation. The research and development are completed by advancing the simulation and test tools capabilities significantly. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.v.

关键词： Gyrotron DEMO ECH Step-frequency tuning Brewster-angle window Multi-stage depressed collector

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The portrayal of renewables in science fiction films: A utopic or dystopic future? 33

The portrayal of renewables in science fiction films: A utop...

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33rd International on Passive and Low Energy Architecture Conference: design to Thrive, PLEA 2017

作者： Abohela, Islam Architectural and Interior Design Engineering Department Gulf University Bahrain

This p a p e r i n v e s t i g a t e s h o w r e n e w a b l e sources o f e n e r g y are p o r t r a y e d i n f i l m s i n g e n e r a l a n d science fiction films in particular focusing on the significance of in... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9780992895754

This p a p e r i n v e s t i g a t e s h o w r e n e w a b l e sources o f e n e r g y are p o r t r a y e d i n f i l m s i n g e n e r a l a n d science fiction films in particular focusing on the significance of including these technologies in films. This paper aims to identifying how informed the images of future cities in science fiction films by the current developments in renewable sources of energy and their integration within the city. It can be argued that science fiction films generally lack references to renewable sources of energy. This can be attributed to the perception of these images as a representation of a prosperous future society while, in many occasions, science fiction films depict future city as a dystopia. This paper examines this assumption by comparing the dystopic visions of future cities to the utopic vision in science fiction films through the implementation of renewable sources of energy within the depicted future city. The analysed films include but are not limited to: Metropolis (1927), Things to Come (1936), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Silent Running (1972), Soylent Green (1973), Blade Runner (1982), Nausica of the valley of the Wind (1984), Slow Burn (1986), The Fifth Element (1997), Armageddon (1998), The Day After Tomorrow (2004), The Perfect Sleep (2009) and Oblivion (2013). Copyright © NCEUB 2017.

关键词： Dystopia Film Renewable Science Fiction Utopia

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Performance and Efficiency Simulation Study of a Smart-Grid Connected Photovoltaic System

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Energy and Power engineering 2017年第2期9卷 71-85页

作者： Warsame H. Ali Penrose Cofie John H. Fuller Savitha Lokesh Emmanuel S. Kolawole Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Prairie View Texas A&M University Prairie View TX USA

The availability of non-renewable energy sources such as crude oil, natural gas, coal etc., is fast diminishing. So the renewable energy sources such as solar, hydropower, geothermal, wind, tidal energy, are gaining more and more importance. Many new developments to convert these renewable energy sources into usable forms are taking place. Most renewable energy sources are used to produce electricity. In this paper, a performance and efficiency simulation study of a smart-grid connected photovoltaic system using Chroma DC programmable power supply, AC programmable source and an Aurora Inverter is proposed. The simulation is performed in MATLAB environment where the current-voltage (I-v) and Power-voltage (P-v) curves from the solar array simulator are generated and plotted. The proposed topology has been verified with satisfactory results. In addition, temperature and irradiance effects on I-v and P-v characteristic curves are verified. Also, the efficiency curves of the photovoltaic grid interface inverter are generated in the study. The MATLAB code developed in this paper is a valuable tool for design engineers comparing different inverters, calculating the optimum efficiency of a given inverter type.

关键词： Smart-Grid Photovoltaic System Renewable and of Non-Renewable Energy current-voltage (I-v) and Power-voltage (P-v) Curves Inverter Electricity

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一种基于等离子体超材料的吸波器设计

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激光技术 2018年第5期42卷 704-708页

作者：张浩章海锋杨靖刘佳轩南京邮电大学电子与光学工程学院光电信息科学与工程系南京210023

为了在TE波下获得可调谐的吸收频谱,设计了一款基于等离子体超材料的吸波器。采用全波仿真方法对该吸波器的吸收率和表面电流图进行了计算,并探讨了结构参量c,v和入射角度θ对吸收率的影响。结果表明,通过激励不同的等离子体谐振区域不... 详细信息

为了在TE波下获得可调谐的吸收频谱,设计了一款基于等离子体超材料的吸波器。采用全波仿真方法对该吸波器的吸收率和表面电流图进行了计算,并探讨了结构参量c,v和入射角度θ对吸收率的影响。结果表明,通过激励不同的等离子体谐振区域不但可以改善其吸收特性,而且还能获得可调谐的吸收频谱;改变结构参量c和v可以在实现拓展吸收带宽的同时,使得吸收频域也发生移动;改变入射角度θ的大小对吸收率的影响不大。该吸波器具有很好的角度稳定性。

关键词：物理光学等离子体超材料吸波器可调谐特性

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