The traditional approach to optical system engineering separates the scene, optics, and detector as static entities, optimizing the design to meet subsystem specifications of aperture, field size, encircled energy, re...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
The traditional approach to optical system engineering separates the scene, optics, and detector as static entities, optimizing the design to meet subsystem specifications of aperture, field size, encircled energy, read noise, dynamic range, and other electro-optical properties. The Scene-Based Sensor Model (SBSM) represents a different approach by simulating the scene, optics and detector as a cohesive model using commercially available optical ray-tracing software. The objects are modeled as temporally changing entities, with characteristics including reflectance, absorbance, fluorescence, and scattering. Likewise, the detectors are modeled with their properties of temporal noise, spatial non-uniformity, nonlinear gain, and offset drift. The end-to-end simulation produces "photons-to-bits" analysis applicable to a variety of optical systems. First results are illustrated with ray tracing simulation of moving fluorescent objects and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.
Interference polarizers can be successfully used in lasers and laser devices as independent optical element substituted crystal polarizers. Today, the use of crystal polarizers in some cases can lead to definite diffi...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781628412192
Interference polarizers can be successfully used in lasers and laser devices as independent optical element substituted crystal polarizers. Today, the use of crystal polarizers in some cases can lead to definite difficulties in accordance with peculiarities of laser cavity construction. The novel laser technologies and design of laser elements defined the new demands to optical coatings. In modern lasers interference polarizer can be considered as one of the main element that operates laser radiation. According to special optical outline and the requirements to optical characteristics of laser polarizers can be bryuster or mirror-type. The stable of spectral characteristic at a definite angle is one of the most important parameter. It was shown how optical thickness of each layer influence on angle stability. On the other hand high stable was achieved by using electron-beam ion assisted deposition. The coatings were deposited on the surface of optical glass BK-7 or quartz. Generally, refractory oxides were used. The achievement of the condensation layers structure was provided by active O-2(+) ions. It was shown, that smooth cleaning by neutral ions as before the evaporation definite separate layer, as after stabilized the optical properties of polarizer. Moreover, the using of ion source allowed increase laser damage threshold. It can be underline that some advantages of ion source revealed during evaporation materials in visible and especially ultra violet region. Also, laser strength was rather more at 1535 nm for ion-assisted deposited films. The average parameters were: minimum transmission efficiency T-P > 97%, extinction ratio T-P/T-S > 500, laser damage more than 10 J/cm(2), 10 nanosecond pulse at 1064 nm in laser spot 200 mu m.
In situ X-ray monitoring of reflectivity in the short range 0.05-0.3 nm for investigation of thin carbon layers and multilayer carbon structures is proposed. X-ray monitoring is based on periodical alternations of Fre...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
In situ X-ray monitoring of reflectivity in the short range 0.05-0.3 nm for investigation of thin carbon layers and multilayer carbon structures is proposed. X-ray monitoring is based on periodical alternations of Fresnel's reflectivity when layer thickness increases or decreases. The source of X-rays with wavelength 0.154 MI was located out of working volume of installation and consisted of X-ray tube, monochromator block and collimating system. The objects of in-situ investigations were carbon films obtained by RF-plasma discharge and magnetron methods. Multilayer carbon structures were synthesized by alternating these layers. Density and microroughness of the growing film were determined for every half-wave of reflectivity oscillations that corresponds to averaging by the layer of 1.0 nm thickness. It is shown that X-ray monitoring system permits to control the layers thickness during multilayer structure growth with precision up to 0.1 nm.
Consumers nowadays have a higher expectation on cameras beyond the function of taking photos or videos. In the early years, the applications of cameras with lenses were, however, very restricted. A new generation of s...
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ISBN:
(数字)9781510637719
ISBN:
(纸本)9781510637719
Consumers nowadays have a higher expectation on cameras beyond the function of taking photos or videos. In the early years, the applications of cameras with lenses were, however, very restricted. A new generation of super wide-angle lenses capture the user's surroundings in full 360 degrees, allowing the user's friends or families to step inside our universe and experience it, live. However, for such wide angle lens coverage, the relative illumination of the lens must take the vector nature of the light into account. Consequently, the polarization of light becomes a critical parameter. Custom coatings are commonly spread on the lens surface to avoid light transmission polarization falloff. But for consumer applications, complex coating is not a practical solution because it raises cost. In this paper, we present how to take care of the polarization during the design and analysis of the lens design. Additionally, design tips are proposed to suppress the polarization impact.
Camera calibration is essential for any optical system used to obtain 3D measurements from images. The precision of the 3D depth estimation relies on an appropriate camera model and the accurate estimation of model pa...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781628412192
Camera calibration is essential for any optical system used to obtain 3D measurements from images. The precision of the 3D depth estimation relies on an appropriate camera model and the accurate estimation of model parameters. These parameters are sensitive to environmental conditions and it is well established that a vision system should be calibrated in operating conditions. This is not always possible since the calibration process is often tedious and time-consuming. Unfortunately, the use of poorly estimated calibration parameters for 3D reconstruction and measurements may lead to suboptimal performance of the system and inaccurate depth estimation. This paper presents a technique using an existing camera model and opticaldesign software to perform calibration simulations. This virtual calibration technique allows for a study of the impact of environmental conditions on the calibration parameters. Using this procedure, it is also possible to predict the statistical behavior of the calibration parameters considering the chosen fabrication processes and tolerances. It can assist vision scientists in the choice of the optical system that best meets the requested precision of the 3D reconstruction. This technique could eventually be integrated in the lens design process to create more reliable optical systems that could be calibrated and used in a range of environmental conditions with a very small variation of their calibration parameters.
Modern cine lenses require a high degree of aberration correction over a large and ever expanding image size. At low to medium volume production levels, these highly corrected designs also require a workable tolerance...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781628417449
Modern cine lenses require a high degree of aberration correction over a large and ever expanding image size. At low to medium volume production levels, these highly corrected designs also require a workable tolerance set and compensation scheme for successful manufacture. In this paper we discuss the design and manufacture of cine lenses with reference to currentdesigns both internal and in the patent literature and some experience in design, tolerancing and manufacturing these lenses in medium volume production.
The opticaldesign of a breadboard high resolution infrared spectrometer for the IRS instrument on the SIRTF mission is discussed. The spectrometer uses a crossed echelle grating configuration to cover the spectral re...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
The opticaldesign of a breadboard high resolution infrared spectrometer for the IRS instrument on the SIRTF mission is discussed. The spectrometer uses a crossed echelle grating configuration to cover the spectral region from 10 to 20 mu m with a resolving power of approximate to 600. The all reflective spectrometer forms a nearly diffraction limited image of the two dimensional spectrum on a 128 x 128 arsenic doped silicon area array with 75 mu m pixels. The design aspects discussed include, grating numerology, image quality, packaging and alignment philosophy.
Our work is focused on the problem of a theoretical analysis of imaging properties and an initial opticaldesign of a three-element zoom optical system for laser beam expanders using lenses with a tunable focal length...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781628417449
Our work is focused on the problem of a theoretical analysis of imaging properties and an initial opticaldesign of a three-element zoom optical system for laser beam expanders using lenses with a tunable focal length. Equations that enable to calculate basic paraxial properties and parameters of such optical systems are derived Finally, the derived equations are applied on an example of calculation of parameters of the three-element zoom system for the laser beam expander.
We have developed zoom lens design expert system intended to operate with little user intervention. The paper puts the emphasis on the knowledge representation, system architecture, reasoning and control strategy of t...
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Using the caustic merit function for plane waves incident upon a singlet lens, a comparison between the optical performance of the lens using an axial gradient index with spherical surfaces or aspheric surfaces with c...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819415871
Using the caustic merit function for plane waves incident upon a singlet lens, a comparison between the optical performance of the lens using an axial gradient index with spherical surfaces or aspheric surfaces with constant index material has been investigated. Results indicate that the use of an inhomogeneous medium for the lens material is more effective in the controlling aberrations than the use of aspheric surfaces for a similar lens.
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