The use of wavefront measurements to deduce the state of multiple optics in a telescope beam train - their misalignments and figure errors - can be confused by the fact that there are multiple potential sources for th...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
The use of wavefront measurements to deduce the state of multiple optics in a telescope beam train - their misalignments and figure errors - can be confused by the fact that there are multiple potential sources for the same measured error. This talk applies Kalman filtering techniques as a tool for separating true telescope errors from artifactual testing errors in the alignment and testing of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, a large segmented-aperture cryogenic telescope to be launched after 2010.
An ultra-fast focal reducer design originally intended for use with spherical primary mirrors (published in opticalengineering, February, 2003), has been adapted for use as a retro-fit for existing telescopes of simi...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
An ultra-fast focal reducer design originally intended for use with spherical primary mirrors (published in opticalengineering, February, 2003), has been adapted for use as a retro-fit for existing telescopes of similar to2m pupil diameter that have aspheric mirrors. The focal reducer has only one aspheric surface, located at the aperture stop, and can provide speeds up to f/0.75 while maintaining a wide field with pixel-limited resolution and a broad spectral passband. Examples have been computed for Ritchie-Chretien, Dall-Kirkham and Cassegrain systems, and for use at the prime focus of mirrors with non-zero conic constants.
A new way to evaluate the diffraction efficiency of the diffractive optical element (DOE), which serves as an aberration corrector in an infrared hybrid optical system, is proposed. The directly measured ensquared ene...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
A new way to evaluate the diffraction efficiency of the diffractive optical element (DOE), which serves as an aberration corrector in an infrared hybrid optical system, is proposed. The directly measured ensquared energy of the hybrid optical system is obtained through an experimental test. Then, the actual line spread function (LSF) of the system under test is measured, and the point spread function (PSF) is calculated from LSF based on the symmetric property of the system. The PSF is used to calculate the so-called derived ensquared energy. The ratio of the directly measured and the derived ensquared energy, defined as the diffraction efficiency of the DOE, represents the fraction of the energy focused onto the image point over the total input energy on the image plane, because the energy loss is caused by the scattering from the DOE corrector. The hybrid optical system, experimental setup, evaluation procedure, and the final results will be presented.
The design & tolerancing of an optical testing system (OTS) presents a unique set of challenges not generally encountered during the typical opticaldesign process. The authors have spent the past six years develo...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
The design & tolerancing of an optical testing system (OTS) presents a unique set of challenges not generally encountered during the typical opticaldesign process. The authors have spent the past six years developing and using a series of optical systems designed to measure the surface figure & radius-of-curvature of various ultra-lightweight mirrors at 30 K. These mirrors were part of a technology development program to support NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The design of these systems required consideration of the following: (i) potentially large figure errors in the test mirror (due to gravity sag & cryo-distortion), (ii) cryo-shrinkage of the aperture and radius-of-curvature, (iii) figure changes due to the use of mirror actuators, and (iv) vibration between the OTS & the test mirror. In addition, an exhaustive tolerancing process was required for each system in order to reach a set of alignment tolerances that were achievable using the equipment available and within the test environment. The authors found many aspects of the OTS design process to be significantly different from the norm;at the same time, however, viewing the process as a typical opticaldesign problem often-times brought clarification. This paper will describe both the differences and the similarities observed between the design of an OTS as opposed to a traditional imaging system.
The paper presents a new processing method for design and fabrication of microlens by microfluidic deposition, in which the lenses can be formed on the media with high precise location in the fabrication process. Firs...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
The paper presents a new processing method for design and fabrication of microlens by microfluidic deposition, in which the lenses can be formed on the media with high precise location in the fabrication process. First we may apply physical vaporization deposition (PVD) or spin coating to fabricate a thin film;secondly, the hydrophilic pattern specified by the mask of lenses can be created by photolithography, where the special lens media is made herein. Finally, the liquid solution of lens material is deposited onto the predetermined location of the lens media by the drop-on-demand fluidic actuator;thus, the microlenses are consequently formed after the complete evaporation of solvent in the solution.
Satellite-based remote sensing offers the best opportunity for studying the properties of atmospheric aerosols and their radiative effects on the global scale over extended periods Tropospheric aerosols represent the ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
Satellite-based remote sensing offers the best opportunity for studying the properties of atmospheric aerosols and their radiative effects on the global scale over extended periods Tropospheric aerosols represent the largest uncertainty in predicting the radiative forcing of climate (IPCC, 2001). A key question is whether atmospheric aerosols contribute to warming or cool the climate system. Since the sign of direct radiative forcing is controlled by the ability of aerosol particles to absorb light, the information on the single scattering albedo of different aerosol types and its variations with aerosol lifecycles is clearly very desirable. Furthermore, the wavelength-dependent values of single scattering albedo from the UV to IR are important in retrieving aerosol optical depth from satellites passive remote sensing and for climate modeling. We describe the design of a space-borne polarimeter that was derived from the key science requirements. The performance of this candidate polarimeter, operating in the UV/VIS/NIR spectral regions, is described. The opticaldesign form and various optical performance parameters, including transmittance calculations of the polarimeter's spectral channels showing the "leakage" of polarization states, as well as the degree of polarization as function of wavelength and field of view are presented for the various wavelength regions. An overview of the instrument performance and driving operational parameters is presented.
We present a method for measuring an optical system's effective focal length with a single mode fiber array and a wedge prism. Light emitted by the input fiber near the focal plane is collimated, reflected back in...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
We present a method for measuring an optical system's effective focal length with a single mode fiber array and a wedge prism. Light emitted by the input fiber near the focal plane is collimated, reflected back in two angularly separated beams, and detected by the output fibers in the auto-collimation configuration. Measurement precision of a Micron can be achieved due to the precision of fiber spacing and the position sensitivity of single-mode coupling. Absolute accuracy depends on factors such as opticaldesign configuration, metrology, aberrations, and environmental control, and can be better than 10 micron. By varying input wavelength and field angle, this technique can be utilized to precisely characterize chromatic dispersion and distortion of the optics. Furthermore, because the technique only requires compact opto-mechanical accessories and electronic apparatus, it can be readily carried out on large optical systems in the field.
We develop a method for the calculation of the integrals arising in the diffraction theory of aberrations. This method is developed from in a previous one based in the division of the diffracting aperture in semiperio...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
We develop a method for the calculation of the integrals arising in the diffraction theory of aberrations. This method is developed from in a previous one based in the division of the diffracting aperture in semiperiodic zones, which enabled the exact calculation of the Point-Spread Function of an optical system. By a careful analysis of the integration process and of the properties of the semiperiodic zones, we develop a set of formulae that give an approximate value of the result of the diffraction integrals. This permits to avoid the numerical calculation of the integrals, which is a computationally intensive procedure and enables a substantial reduction of the computation times. The method has been tested on aberration-free optical systems and real optical systems and has shown a good accuracy, although some minor problems require further investigation.
Most imaging systems today include a mosaic detector array in the focal plane. opticaldesigners of astronomical telescopes typically produce a design that yields a superb on-axis aerial image in the focal plane, and ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
Most imaging systems today include a mosaic detector array in the focal plane. opticaldesigners of astronomical telescopes typically produce a design that yields a superb on-axis aerial image in the focal plane, and detector effects are included only in the analysis of the final system performance. Aplanatic opticaldesigns (corrected for spherical aberration and coma) are widely considered to be superior to non-aplanatic designs. However, there is little merit in an aplanatic design for wide-field applications because one needs to optimize some field-weighted-average measure of resolution over the desired operational field-of-view (OFOV). Furthermore, when used with a mosaic detector array in the focal plane, detector effects eliminate the advantage of the aplanatic design even at small field angles. For wide fields-of-view, the focal plane is frequently despaced to balance field curvature with defocus thus obtaining better overall performance. We will demonstrate that including detector effects in the design process results in a different optimal (non-aplanatic) design for each OFOV that is even superior to an optimally despaced aplanatic design.
Calcium fluoride is a desirable material for opticaldesign of space systems in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared bands. Modem calcium fluoride materials fabricated for the photolithography industry are highly re...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)0819454613
Calcium fluoride is a desirable material for opticaldesign of space systems in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared bands. Modem calcium fluoride materials fabricated for the photolithography industry are highly resistant to space radiation. The wide wavelength band and low dispersion are also desirable properties. Unfortunately, calcium fluoride has a host of significant material property issues which hinder its use in the space environment. Low hardness, susceptibility to thermal and mechanical shock, and large coefficient of thermal expansion present significant challenges during development of opto-mechanical designs. Sandia National Laboratories Monitoring Systems and Technology Center has fielded a calcium fluoride based optical system for use in space. The Sandia design solution is based upon a spring-loaded mount which uses no volatile organic compounds. The theory of the Sandia solution is developed and design rules are presented. The Sandia design solution is illustrated for a specific example. Example design and margin calculations are shown. Finally, lessons learned from our design realization and qualification testing efforts are shared for the benefit of the community.
暂无评论