Hybrid optics - diffractive structures on a refractive substrate - have some specific applications in the lower of the two thermal infrared wavebands. These applications include optical systems where simplicity and/or...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
Hybrid optics - diffractive structures on a refractive substrate - have some specific applications in the lower of the two thermal infrared wavebands. These applications include optical systems where simplicity and/or low mass are major requisites. In many cases, however, the use of diffractive surfaces is limited to those substrate materials that can be diamond-machined successfully. The paper examines the optical merits of several substrate materials and gives design examples where hybrid optics have major advantages relative to conventional optics in terms of mass, thermal defocus, and complexity.
A description of the newly deployed ADONIS, daylight speckle-imaging camera, including opticaldesign and layout, electronics, data acquisition system, and processing systems is given. Considerations of operating this...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
A description of the newly deployed ADONIS, daylight speckle-imaging camera, including opticaldesign and layout, electronics, data acquisition system, and processing systems is given. Considerations of operating this system on a large telescope under daylight conditions are discussed, along with alignment to the telescope and system testing. Sample pre- and post-processed images are included.
The generalized Coddington equations from caustic theory, the Abbe sine condition, and the constant optical path length condition have been used to design two-mirror microscope systems. These two-microscope systems ar...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
The generalized Coddington equations from caustic theory, the Abbe sine condition, and the constant optical path length condition have been used to design two-mirror microscope systems. These two-microscope systems are free of two of the three aberrations - spherical aberration, coma, or astigmatism, depending on which two of the three design conditions are used. The optical performance of the resulting two-microscope systems has been compared to that of the Schwarzschild microscope and the Head microscope. The goal of this study is to identify design methods for reflective systems which will yield diffraction limited performance for large numerical apertures and fields of view. Also, these design methods are being extended to a three-mirror telescope.
Abnormal dispersive liquids have proven quite useful in the design of apochromatic optical systems for the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. Furthermore, liquids with extended ultraviolet transmission can be v...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
Abnormal dispersive liquids have proven quite useful in the design of apochromatic optical systems for the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. Furthermore, liquids with extended ultraviolet transmission can be very useful in the design of optical systems for use in the ultraviolet, whether or not they are abnormally dispersive. The results of investigations into optical properties of several liquids transparent in the ultraviolet are presented. Intense UV irradiation of the liquids was found to produce changes in both the UV transmission and refractive index. Methods of preventing these changes through the addition of a special chemical were investigated. The optical property measurements were made at the Vavilov State optical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia in collaboration with the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, California.
DEMOS software was developed in 1973 - 1975 for design of optical systems (OS) with conventional and holographic elements. It was constantly improved because of the necessity to solve a wide range of tasks dealing wit...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
DEMOS software was developed in 1973 - 1975 for design of optical systems (OS) with conventional and holographic elements. It was constantly improved because of the necessity to solve a wide range of tasks dealing with display systems, lenses, multispectral systems for optical electronic units, and IR systems. A new version of DEMOS III was developed in 1994, and is an integrated dialogue system for simulation and design of a wide range of OS on personal computers compatible with IBM-PC. This article deals with the new possibilities of DEMOS-PC, version 3.
We present a novel method for producing arbitrary valued, binary phase-only modulation from a commercially available ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator (FLCSLM) used in conjunction with simple polari...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
We present a novel method for producing arbitrary valued, binary phase-only modulation from a commercially available ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator (FLCSLM) used in conjunction with simple polarization components. Three such stages can be cascaded together in an instrument capable of producing up to eight discrete, equally spaced levels of phase modulation. By using 128 by 128 pixel FLCSLMs a reconfigurable, pixellated, eight-level, optical phase modulator has been constructed which we refer to here as a programmable phase transformer (PPT). We report on the near diffraction limited performance of such an instrument when stopped down to 64 by 64 pixels in producing simple diffraction patterns and when used to generate asymmetric spot arrays in the Fourier plane of a lens. We also discuss the limitations of the current system and the projected improvements that will result from current and future developments in device technology and modulation schemes.
The matrix approach and the flow graph approach are basic mathematical tools used for calculation of the transmission and the reflection of isotropic stratified planar structures. It is shown that both approaches give...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
The matrix approach and the flow graph approach are basic mathematical tools used for calculation of the transmission and the reflection of isotropic stratified planar structures. It is shown that both approaches give the same analytical expressions for both the transmission and the reflection of a substrate, and of a thin layer on a substrate, independently of the optical parameters and the angle of light incidence. The expressions for the transmission and the reflection are different in the two approaches for a structure of two substrates. T plus R equals 1 is valid in both approaches for all the cases investigated when the structures are transparent.
In this work, a method for evaluating the radiation losses of abrupt transitions in planar optical waveguides is presented. We analyze optical discontinuities due to geometrical changes and/or variations of the refrac...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
In this work, a method for evaluating the radiation losses of abrupt transitions in planar optical waveguides is presented. We analyze optical discontinuities due to geometrical changes and/or variations of the refractive index profile of the waveguides. The modal matching technique is used to evaluate the radiation, as well as the reflection and transmission coefficients. Both symmetrical and non-symmetrical planar waveguides are considered. Step and graded index profiles are taken into account. Results of radiation losses are given.
This study investigates the effects of changing the flint glass of a Cooke triplet from the optimum glass type, in an attempt to determine how many different glass types are necessary. To this end, about 90 triplets w...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
This study investigates the effects of changing the flint glass of a Cooke triplet from the optimum glass type, in an attempt to determine how many different glass types are necessary. To this end, about 90 triplets were designed, each with a flint glass displaced from its optimum characteristics. Sixteen different combinations of field and aperture, and three different crown glass types were used. Variations of performance with flint changes are presented. An 'acceptable' variation of the flint glass V-value appears to be about plus or minus 2.
Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have found their acceptance in lens design as an additional tool to refractive and reflective elements. They are especially powerful for applications in the infrared spectrum, becau...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418994
Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have found their acceptance in lens design as an additional tool to refractive and reflective elements. They are especially powerful for applications in the infrared spectrum, because many of the materials, suitable for transmission in this region, lend themselves exceptionally well to the correction of chromatic aberration. The phase profile of the grating superimposed onto the base surface of an IR lens is relatively coarse. This makes it economically advantageous to apply the single point diamond-turning process to the direct generation of such phase profiles. Different ways have been used to describe the profile of a DOE, which have in some cases led to costly misunderstandings. To provide some clarification and suggest a form of standardization for the specifications call-out in manufacturing documents is the primary purpose of this paper. Additional comments are being presented as guidelines and for better understanding of the advantages and limitations for applications of diffractive optical elements in general, and of diamond-turned elements in particular.
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