A photographic objective employing axial gradient-index (GRIN) elements is described and compared with a conventional double Gauss lens. Comparable imaging performance and increased relative illumination at the edge o...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
A photographic objective employing axial gradient-index (GRIN) elements is described and compared with a conventional double Gauss lens. Comparable imaging performance and increased relative illumination at the edge of field are realized in the GRIN design even though it has fewer optical elements.
Using the Lockheed in-house computer program OPTIMA for opticaldesign and analysis, a facility has been implemented which enables the opticaldesigner to target any performance parameter at any temperature in the ran...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
Using the Lockheed in-house computer program OPTIMA for opticaldesign and analysis, a facility has been implemented which enables the opticaldesigner to target any performance parameter at any temperature in the range of interest. A database with thermal properties of the optical materials was added to the program along with routines facilitating the evaluation of an optical system at arbitrary temperatures. In the optimization section of the program, alternate lens configurations are used to represent the lens at different temperatures. During the optimization the program automatically changes temperature and computes the requested performance parameters at the desired temperatures. Applications for this method include the design of high-performance camera objectives optimized for a large temperature range.
A differential equation method has been developed for design of reflecting systems which will be completely free of astigmatism. From caustic theory and a generalization of the Coddington equations, a second order dif...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
A differential equation method has been developed for design of reflecting systems which will be completely free of astigmatism. From caustic theory and a generalization of the Coddington equations, a second order differential equation can be setup to shape a corrective mirror which eliminates all orders of astigmatism in an optical system. The constant optical path length condition is used to shape another mirror in the system to control spherical aberration. Analysis of results of application of this differential equation design approach to a two-mirror anastigmat is presented, which shows its ability to yield a two-mirror system with high performance over a large field of view.
The transfer function theory for large core optical fiber (bare fiber) and fiber cable (LOCAT) reveals a ray's actual interaction with the fiber lightguide. By applying this new tool in a fiber optic instrument de...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
The transfer function theory for large core optical fiber (bare fiber) and fiber cable (LOCAT) reveals a ray's actual interaction with the fiber lightguide. By applying this new tool in a fiber optic instrument design, we have improved the repeatability and stability of this fiber optic temperature instrument from 4°C to 0.2°C at 1000°C. Several new concepts such as cable bend increments, fiber status, and fiber status stability also are discussed in this paper.
Phase measuring interferometry is well established as the premier measurement technology in support of optical component fabrication. Commercial instruments are available that provide surface measurements over a range...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
Phase measuring interferometry is well established as the premier measurement technology in support of optical component fabrication. Commercial instruments are available that provide surface measurements over a range of radii and diameters. However, microlithographic lenses have increased in complexity and scale to the point that most commercial instruments fail to provide adequate surface coverage. Most severe is the ability to measure large diameter, convex surfaces. Anticipating the demands of today's microlithographic lens production, Tropel began design and construction of a new class of phase measuring interferometers in 1990. As a catadioptric design, these instruments feature a large spherical mirror to accomplish their purpose. This paper reviews the opticaldesign of the large aperture reflective interferometer (LARI), and various considerations in their construction.
In the first part of this paper, we examine previously used methods for the assessment of the subjective performance of lenses coupled to the eye, we establish the need for a unified means of assessment in terms of vi...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
In the first part of this paper, we examine previously used methods for the assessment of the subjective performance of lenses coupled to the eye, we establish the need for a unified means of assessment in terms of visual tasks and targets, and we propose such a means. In the second part, we address some common aberration balancing questions, with a view to presenting concrete recommendations for opticaldesign. The balancing questions examined are: defocus and accommodation, accommodation and longitudinal color, spherical aberration and defocus, astigmatism and field curvature, field curvature and accommodation, transverse color and astigmatism, and coma and astigmatism.
For many illumination applications, it is desirable for a laser beam to have a uniform irradiance distribution across its diameter. Refractive and reflective systems for reshaping a laser beam profile have been propos...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
For many illumination applications, it is desirable for a laser beam to have a uniform irradiance distribution across its diameter. Refractive and reflective systems for reshaping a laser beam profile have been proposed and discussed for many years. One of the refractive systems consisting of two plano-aspherical lenses operates with high efficiency. Recently, a prototype of this two aspherical lens reshaping system has been made from CaF2. The performance of the prototype is presented in this paper. The opticaldesign and analysis of this system also are discussed.
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