For many illumination applications, it is desirable for a laser beam to have a uniform irradiance distribution across its diameter. Refractive and reflective systems for reshaping a laser beam profile have been propos...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
For many illumination applications, it is desirable for a laser beam to have a uniform irradiance distribution across its diameter. Refractive and reflective systems for reshaping a laser beam profile have been proposed and discussed for many years. One of the refractive systems consisting of two plano-aspherical lenses operates with high efficiency. Recently, a prototype of this two aspherical lens reshaping system has been made from CaF2. The performance of the prototype is presented in this paper. The opticaldesign and analysis of this system also are discussed.
The two monochromators of this instrument (excitation monochromator and emission monochromator) have been designed with a specific optical system which has higher transfer energy. All the parts of this instrument have...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
The two monochromators of this instrument (excitation monochromator and emission monochromator) have been designed with a specific optical system which has higher transfer energy. All the parts of this instrument have been placed in the inverse plane (33 × 21.5 cm), which makes the instrument compact and installment easy. The design also provides a novel idea to solve the contradiction between system energy and limited power, it only takes a little power to complete most of the fluorescence analyses. An internal microprocessor utilizes chemometric analysis techniques to determine the concentrations of target analyses in a complex chemical matrix. Typical analysis techniques include multivariate linear regression and principal components analysis.
designs for large lightweight spaceborne optical systems are evolving to configurations that utilize segmented apertures. optical quality and stability requirements for these systems are in general more stringent than...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819411531
designs for large lightweight spaceborne optical systems are evolving to configurations that utilize segmented apertures. optical quality and stability requirements for these systems are in general more stringent than today's best telescopes. These two factors require the use of high precision active control systems to correct and maintain optical performance. The Eastman Kodak Company is in the process of developing the technologies required to demonstrate that such systems are feasible. The chosen approach utilizes a structural control system to minimize high bandwidth disturbances and a low bandwidth optical control system to correct and maintain the optical quality of the telescope. An overview of this approach and a description of current progress is discussed.
The use of a standard aspheric profile to describe conventional optical elements in lens design programs has advantages such as independent verification of lens system performance by different individuals, ease of int...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
The use of a standard aspheric profile to describe conventional optical elements in lens design programs has advantages such as independent verification of lens system performance by different individuals, ease of interpretation by different manufacturers, etc. A model of diffractive optical element is proposed for consideration as a standard form to have similar benefits. Diffractive elements are characterized here by (1) the equation of the supporting surface (substrate), and (2) the phase function. The phase function itself consists of two terms: (a) the stigmatic phase term, and (b) the astigmatic phase term. The stigmatic phase term is a rotationally symmetric function and is related to the property of the diffraction element to image free from aberration one axial point onto another, as in holograms, at a specific (reference) wavelength. The astigmatic phase term is an arbitrary function of the space coordinates, it takes several forms: it can impart aspheric deformations (or corrections) to incident wave fronts or it can be used to model different types of gratings.
We discuss the problem of how to determine the optimum focus during MTF or similar observerless testing of visual instruments. We review the literature to show that the most commonly employed method, maximization of t...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081941249X
We discuss the problem of how to determine the optimum focus during MTF or similar observerless testing of visual instruments. We review the literature to show that the most commonly employed method, maximization of the response at a single spatial frequency, can lead to very large errors in predicting the visual quality of an instrument. We propose alternative criteria, and examine their behavior through focus and in the presence of aberrations. current data support the assertion that an appropriately defined radius of encircled energy, or an averaged MTF integral, are the best candidates to serve both as general image quality criteria and as a means for determining the optimum focus. We conclude by proposing an experiment that should resolve any remaining questions.
current generation of advanced IC's require sub-half-micron-resolution photolithography over large exposure fields, with device overlay tolerances of less than 100 nanometers. Achieving this performance in high-vo...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819411604
current generation of advanced IC's require sub-half-micron-resolution photolithography over large exposure fields, with device overlay tolerances of less than 100 nanometers. Achieving this performance in high-volume manufacturing will challenge the focus and overlay control capabilities of optical reduction steppers. This paper presents new metrological approaches to achieving the required focus and overlay control performance. A latent image focus measurement technique is described, which has been used extensively to characterize die levelling performance. To improve overlay capability on back end levels (especially metal), a combined bright field/dark field alignment system has been developed. Data on alignment performance, and optimization of alignment mark design for bright field, will be presented.
The low voltage SELECT deformable mirror described herein provides sub-nanometer control of the optical wavefront and represents the culmination of 10 years of development. Due to the maturity of the PMN electrostrict...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819411531
The low voltage SELECT deformable mirror described herein provides sub-nanometer control of the optical wavefront and represents the culmination of 10 years of development. Due to the maturity of the PMN electrostrictive actuator technology, the mirror operating voltage has decreased from 3000 volts to 100 volts, the hysteresis has been reduced from near 20% to less than 1%, and the response uniformity is better than 3% over the entire actuator population. But more importantly, the deformable mirrors built today are unparalleled in terms of performance and reliability, even after millions of operational cycles. This paper will summarizes the actuator process developments and discuss the design features and measured performance of the low voltage SELECT deformable mirror family. In fact as the results will show, the SELECT DM's are not only good deformable mirrors, but are also among the most precise optics ever made, especially when operated under active control.
Laser guide star (LGS) adaptive optics systems can dramatically improve the resolution of ground-based astronomical telescopes but introduce a variety of novel opticalengineering requirements. We describe how these r...
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The Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) instrument is designed to provide optical correction for the current figure error in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) primary mirror to three of the fir...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819411817
The Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) instrument is designed to provide optical correction for the current figure error in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) primary mirror to three of the first generation instruments: Faint Object Camera (FOC), Faint Object Spectrometer (FOS), and the Goddard High Resolution Spectrometer. The FOC and FOS each have two optical channels and the GHRS one optical channel that are corrected. The optical correction is achieved by deploying a two mirror relay into the HST hub area in front of the optical Telescope Assembly (OTA) focal surface for each optical channel. Structural motion of the mirror support system will affect alignment producing changes in wave front error (wfe) and line-of-sight (los). Changes of los during an exposure will blur the image and degrade image quality in addition to alignment degradation of wfe. The system analyses used to perform image quality trades and allocate budgets in the design phase and to help define requirements for the integration and test phase will be presented. These analyses were an integrated and iterative process among the optical, structural, and thermal analysis disciplines. Results of these analyses predict COSTAR performance will meet the image quality requirements.
The recent restructuring of the AXAF program has necessitated a review of the design of the ACIS instrument. In this paper we report on the current status of these design activities. We concentrate on changes to the b...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819412554
The recent restructuring of the AXAF program has necessitated a review of the design of the ACIS instrument. In this paper we report on the current status of these design activities. We concentrate on changes to the baseline CCD and its impact on aspects such as the operating modes. Also we review changes to the mechanical design with respect to the passive cooling scheme facilitated by the change to a highly eccentric deep earth orbit.
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