The construction of a very large optical telescopes can be prohibitively costly due to the massive weight of conventional primary mirrors. The cost of such telescopes can be reduced by the use of a segmented lightweig...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819409251
The construction of a very large optical telescopes can be prohibitively costly due to the massive weight of conventional primary mirrors. The cost of such telescopes can be reduced by the use of a segmented lightweight primary mirror. An Itek process, computer controlled optical surfacing (CCOS), is ideally suited for manufacturing the off-axis aspheric segments. During CCOS operations, a subaperture tool is moved across the optic surface under accurate computer control. By altering the time that the machine grinds or polishes each surface region, accurate and rapid figure progress can be achieved. This CCOS technology is described including machine control, figuring process, pad-to-surface fit, vacuum grinding/polishing, and optic edge figuring. The utilization of CCOS to fabricate seven similar, thin, 2-meter, off- axis, aspheric optics and a lightweighted, active, off-axis mirror is related. Also, the paper summarizes the ongoing manufacture of a large active off-axis aspheric.
Control of an ion beam for milling optical surfaces is a nontrivial problem in two-dimensional deconvolution. The ion milling operation is performed by moving an ion beam gun through a grid of points over the surface ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819409251
Control of an ion beam for milling optical surfaces is a nontrivial problem in two-dimensional deconvolution. The ion milling operation is performed by moving an ion beam gun through a grid of points over the surface of an optical workpiece. The control problem is to determine the amount of time to dwell at each point in the grid to obtain a desired surface profile. This research treats the problem in linear algebra terms. The required dwell times are the solutions to a large, sparse system of linear equations. Traditional factorization methods such as Gaussian elimination cannot be used because the linear equations are severely ill conditioned. Theoretically, a least-squares solution to this problem exists. Practical approaches to finding a minimal least-squares solution are discussed.
A primary function of compact disk measuring systems is the measurement of various types of defects which represent either functional or cosmetic flaws and the measurement of the profile of the compact disk. Functiona...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819409251
A primary function of compact disk measuring systems is the measurement of various types of defects which represent either functional or cosmetic flaws and the measurement of the profile of the compact disk. Functional flaws can make a very bad interference with the reproduction of the recorded music. Cosmetic flaws are visual imperfections whose presence can cause the rejecting of the disc by the production line. A projection moire method is invented in which a light beam passes through a grating, and is projected onto the object by overlapping with the virtual grating in the computer software. The object's 3-dimensional profile will be reconstructed and the object's profile quality can be improved by our new method for moire image processing.
Ion beam milling is an emerging advanced optical fabrication technology capable of deterministic figuring of optical surfaces. Much of the work in ion milling to data has emphasized figuring of glass-like materials, s...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819409251
Ion beam milling is an emerging advanced optical fabrication technology capable of deterministic figuring of optical surfaces. Much of the work in ion milling to data has emphasized figuring of glass-like materials, such as fused silica, which do not significantly roughen during ion milling. However, for ion milling to reach its full potential as an advanced optical fabrication technique it must be applicable to a broad range of materials to interest in optical fabrication including polycrystalline metals, semiconductors, and ceramics. In order to assess the feasibility of ion milling, the effect of ion dose on roughness evolution was investigated for a variety of materials including: silicon, germanium, sapphire, silicon carbide, fused silica, aluminum, and copper. Single crystal silicon, germanium and sapphire as well as polycrystalline CVD silicon carbide did not significantly roughen during ion milling. The roughness evolution of aluminum, copper and gold thin films were also studied;fine grained gold films were found to remain smooth during ion milling.
I have studied the transmission range of the existing depolarizer in this article and found we can depolarize visible light completely by using Calcite or Quartz depolarizer. But we can not depolarize near infrared an...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819409251
I have studied the transmission range of the existing depolarizer in this article and found we can depolarize visible light completely by using Calcite or Quartz depolarizer. But we can not depolarize near infrared and middle infrared light completely by using the existing depolarizer. According to this theory, I have invented a new type of monochromatic light magnesium fluoride double wedges depolarizer. Its structure is different from the quartz double wedges depolarizer. I have studied it by theoretical analysis and experiment measurement. I can depolarize the light completely whether the polarization plane of the incident light is known or frequently varies by using a new type of magnesium fluoride depolarizer. The polarization degree of the emerging light is below 1.0%. It can be used in the near ultraviolet, visible, near infrared and middle infrared light.
Recent progress in an on-going development program leading to the design of superconducting continuous-wave (cw) linear accelerators for high-brightness ion beams is reviewed. A new spoke-resonator geometry incorporat...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819407755
Recent progress in an on-going development program leading to the design of superconducting continuous-wave (cw) linear accelerators for high-brightness ion beams is reviewed. A new spoke-resonator geometry incorporating a half-wavelength resonant line was fabricated and tested. This geometry serves as the basis for the constituent cavities of a superconducting section being designed for high-current testing with a deuterium beam. Considerable progress has been made in the design of this section. A multi-phased program leading to the development of a superconducting radio-frequency quadrupole (SCRFQ) has been initiated. design considerations and test results from the various activities are presented.
Cryocoolers are a key component for many spacecraft. We summarize some spacecraft cryocooler requirements and discuss our observations regarding the current production capabilities of cryocoolers. The MODIL's inte...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819408565
Cryocoolers are a key component for many spacecraft. We summarize some spacecraft cryocooler requirements and discuss our observations regarding the current production capabilities of cryocoolers. The MODIL's interaction with industry, especially throught the Producible Technology Working Groups is also summarized. The current Spacecraft Fabrication and Test MODIL's plans to improve producibility include working closely with industry, executing a demonstration project, and holding a workshop to bring key members of the current cryocooler development network together.
Camouflage design and evaluation requires that the developer assess the detectability of a camouflaged target in a natural, cluttered environment. Traditional techniques have involved panels of observers, but modern c...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819408522
Camouflage design and evaluation requires that the developer assess the detectability of a camouflaged target in a natural, cluttered environment. Traditional techniques have involved panels of observers, but modern camoufleurs are seeking a satisfactory means of making reasonable estimates by the use of computer modeling. However, no adequate target detection model exists at this time. Camouflage experts at Belvoir Research, Development, and engineering Center (BRDEC) are seeking means of improving the best of the current target detection models to make it capable of serving their needs. This is an interest which they share with many others within the Army who find that the best available model is unable to cope with low-observable targets. Unmodeled effects are responsible for the shortcomings. current work at BRDEC and other organizations within the Army is examining such diverse methods as the use of fractals, edge evaluation, gray level cooccurrence matrices, power spectral analysis, and correlation lengths.
The finite element method has been applied to the problem of predicting the eigenfrequencies, displacements, and stresses within an ultrasonic transducer. In the case of transducers suitable for ocean survey, fish det...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819409065
The finite element method has been applied to the problem of predicting the eigenfrequencies, displacements, and stresses within an ultrasonic transducer. In the case of transducers suitable for ocean survey, fish detection, or air-ranging, these parameters are useful only as general predictors of transducer performance. In the current presentation, the finite element method has been extended to the prediction of parameters more directly useful to the designer. A finite element program has been written in Fortran to compile and run on a 33 MHz/386 PC. Eigenfrequencies, impedance, transmit and receive sensitivity, radiation pattern, displacement, and shear and principle stresses can be predicted for a transducer in its operating medium. Damping in acoustic isolation, backing, and matching layer materials are included in the model to provide an accurate and comprehensive design tool. Experimental results for different designs corroborating the predictions from the finite element models are presented. With several design iterations possible in an hour, new transducers have been designed in a day or so.
As part of the development of a synchrotron-based x-ray lithography beamline, progress has been made in designing an optics system which meets the current industrial requirements. The primary goals of the optics are t...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819408263
As part of the development of a synchrotron-based x-ray lithography beamline, progress has been made in designing an optics system which meets the current industrial requirements. The primary goals of the optics are to achieve 0.25 micrometers line resolution over a 50-mm-wide by 25-mm-tall exposure field. The beamline optics must also provide a 5% power uniformity over the exposure field and enough power to achieve a 60-wafer-per-hour throughput with 20 exposure fields. In this paper, a description of a beamline optics system is presented for use with the Superconducting X-ray Lithography Source (SXLS) being built by Brookhaven National Laboratory with assistance from the Grumman Corporation. The basic design approach, performance characteristics, and some design data will be discussed.
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