The simplest approach in developing a Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machine tool would be to take a manually-operated machine and fit it with a standard, commercially available computer control system and drive...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819402044
The simplest approach in developing a Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machine tool would be to take a manually-operated machine and fit it with a standard, commercially available computer control system and drive packages, or so it would appear from a machine designer's viewpoint. This approach does tend to minimize the overall machine/system development costs; however, it can result in a control system too sophisticated, overly complex, and more expensive than necessary to control the machine.
The change of the angle characteristic of an optical system when a component parameter is varied follows from first order perturbation theory. Simple formulas are obtained for the sensitivity of the angle characterist...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819402044
The change of the angle characteristic of an optical system when a component parameter is varied follows from first order perturbation theory. Simple formulas are obtained for the sensitivity of the angle characteristic to changes in position, form and refractive index. These formulas can be applied in the design and assembling of optical systems. In assembling we use them for the measurement of decenters; in design we can obtain the mechanical tolerances from them, and also the magnitude of steps in parameter space to be taken in an optimization procedure. We apply our analysis to the systems that were discussed in a previous paperl. It will be seen that the concept of strain discussed in that paper also applies to the calculation of tolerances. The sensitivity of a system to component shifts and tilts correlates with the strain caused by this component. The sensitivity analysis developed in this paper therefore confirms the conclusion of the previous paper. 1 J.L.F. de Meijere, J.A. Schuurman and C.H.F. Velzel, The use of the pseudo-eikonal in the optimization of optical systems, Proc. SPIE Conf. 1013, sept. 1988, Hamburg.
The use of an antireflection (AR) coating which is a series of homogeneous layers whose index steps down from the substrate index to the index of air or a vacuum has been well described in the literature (1,2). These ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819402044
The use of an antireflection (AR) coating which is a series of homogeneous layers whose index steps down from the substrate index to the index of air or a vacuum has been well described in the literature (1,2). These are particularly attractive for high index substrates such as germanium, but are limited by the availability of appropriate real coating materials. The limiting factor is a lack of practical materials whose index is less than about 1.35. Another family of AR coatings which include one or more half wave layers is also known. The most common of these is the classical QHQ design. DeBell(3) reported on designs such as QHHHQ and QHHHHHQ where the H's are alternating high and low index layers. We have found that there is a family of inhomogeneous or "Rugate" index functions which can produce broadband AR coatings. These point to some general principles of AR coating design which have not been previously obvious from the literature. We describe these investigations and findings in graphical form. We discuss the concepts and understanding gained and examine the possibilities and limitations of the approach.
The major problems faced in spaceborne multielement optical systems used for high resolution imagery and remote sensing applications are the stability of optical and mechanical configurations under Shock, Vibration an...
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Beam expander optical and structural characteristics can be utilized to desensitize line of sight (LOS) jitter. The overall LOS jitter for a given disturbance spectrum is largely dependent on the optical alignment sen...
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作者:
Kipman, Yair
185 Albany Street CambridgeMA02139 United States
This paper describes the optical hand-held scanner designed for use as an input device to the Kurzweil reading machine for the blind and visually-impaired. This device has numerous advantages over other scanners, chie...
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Waveguide optics in combination with gratings for in- and out-coupling provide a potentially powerful combination for building light, compact optical systems. The gratings may be simple linear gratings or focusing gra...
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With the advent of new materials for solar cells, such as gallium arsenide, and of thinner materials used in larger flexible solar arrays, such as silicon and protective filter glasses, has come the need for improved ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819402044
With the advent of new materials for solar cells, such as gallium arsenide, and of thinner materials used in larger flexible solar arrays, such as silicon and protective filter glasses, has come the need for improved methods for the detection of cracks in the optical materials that compose the components of each. Four basic sensor designs have been conceived for use with visibly transmissive, as well as visibly opaque materials. Based upon their specific optical approach, the designs are called brightfield, quasi-brightfield, darkfield reflective and darkfield transmissive. All of these designs rely upon the fact that the crack's cleavage in the material provides a total or near total internal reflection boundary. The basic design simply involves an irradiation source, to which the material is transmissive, and a video camera, which is sensitive to the source's radiation transmitted into and out of the material. Two of the designs have only been demonstrated and await further development, when their need arrives. The other two designs have been developed for specific applications and have been integrated into the production environment at this time. They are proven, viable sensor designs. All of these designs facilitate the extrapolation of the basic crack detection process to future machine vision automation.
Side-pumped lasers such as flashlamp- or react or-pumped lasers often have a nonuniform energy deposition in the gain medium, which can establish a significant transverse index gradient. This gradient significantly co...
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The importance of optics to the economic and military strength of the United States is well known. Advances in optical technology have substantial leverage and are closely related to advances in associated technologie...
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The importance of optics to the economic and military strength of the United States is well known. Advances in optical technology have substantial leverage and are closely related to advances in associated technologies (i.e., imaging, sensing, communications, guidance control, etc.). However, the lead in manufacturing and fabrication of optical components and systems has been lost to our world competitors, especially Japan and other Pacific Rim countries. The optics industrial base has been in a slow but constant decline since the 1970's. The shift in business strategy from manufacturing emphasis to purchasing from worldwide resources has resulted in many U.S. "manufacturers" becoming importers. Optics employment dropped 50% from 1981 to 1986. Imports currently dominate both the U.S. commercial and DOD optics markets.
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