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(INVITED)Planar microcavities: Materials and processing for light control

optical Materials: X 2022年 13卷

作者： Heba Megahd Davide Comoretto Paola Lova Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy

Microcavities are a class of optical structures providing a versatile approach to engineering light matter interactions. In light of recent developments in materials processing technologies, in particular for organic and hybrid ones, and of the need for high efficiency optical systems, there has been extensive innovation and improvement in their design and realization leading to a multitude of structures and materials. Among these, closed multi-material microcavities or microresonators based on the effect of dielectric contrast have been attractive for their low losses, applicability in a wide spectral range, and customizability. High-dielectric contrast microcavities based on distributed Bragg reflectors have been adapted early on for their highly controlled fabrication and strong light confinement and proved to be essential in current technologies including lasers and light emitting diodes. In this review, we map their evolution from planar one-dimensional inorganic structures to more sophisticated designs incorporating various categories of organic and hybrid materials. Additionally, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art developments and limitations of this class of structures.

关键词： microcavities Microresonators Refractive index Distributed bragg reflectors optical confinement

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Fuse cut-outs — Their design and application for A-C. distribution circuits

引用

Electrical engineering 1931年第11期50卷 903-903页

作者： E. G. Newton General Electric Co. Pittsfield Mass.

MANY NEW developments to meet modern requirements have been applied to the renewable expulsion-fuse and oil-fuse cut-outs for a-c. distribution systems of 15,000 volts and below. While there are several different types of fuse cut-outs, the universal design problem is the interruption of an arc formed when the current carrying element melts. Both expulsion-fuse and oil-fuse cut-outs depend for this interruption upon the gas pressure generated by the current in the arc.

关键词： Fuses Lightning Electron tubes Power transmission lines Fires optical fiber devices Interrupters

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Recent developments with a prototype fan-beam optical CT scanner

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2013年第1期444卷

作者： W G Campbell A Jirasek D Wells Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada BC Cancer Agency Vancouver Island Centre Victoria BC Canada

The latest design of a prototype fan-beam optical computed tomography scanner is presented. A new beam creation system consists of a 635 nm laser diode module with variable, DC voltage-controlled beam intensity. A change in scanner alignment allows for the elimination of ring artefacts caused by data corruption that is spaced symmetrically across the detector array. These artefacts, as well as a pair of streaking artefacts caused by flask seams, are removed in sinogram space. A flask registration technique has been developed that allows for accurate, reproducible dosimeter placement. Protocol investigations with gel dosimeters have indicated the importance of: i) proper cooling techniques during gel manufacture, and ii) scanning the dosimeter while it is at room temperature. Latest reconstructions of a normoxic polymer gel dosimeter are presented as an indicator of current system performance.

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The Calibration Units of KM3NeT 37

The Calibration Units of KM3NeT

引用

37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Le Breton, R. Billault, M. Boutonnet, C. Champion, C. Colonges, S. Cosquer, A. Creusot, A. Henry, S. Ilioni, A. Keller, P. Lagier, P. Lahmann, R. Lamare, P. Lesrel, J. Lindsey Clark, M. Riccobene, G. Royon, J. Samtleben, D. Van Elewyck, V. Ageron, M. Aiello, S. Albert, A. Alshamsi, M. Alves Garre, S. Aly, Z. Ambrosone, A. Ameli, F. Andre, M. Androulakis, G. Anghinolfi, M. Anguita, M. Anton, G. Ardid, M. Ardid, S. Assal, W. Aublin, J. Bagatelas, C. Baret, B. Basegmez du Pree, S. Bendahman, M. Benfenati, F. Berbee, E. van den Berg, A.M. Bertin, V. Beurthey, S. van Beveren, V. Biagi, S. Bissinger, M. Boettcher, M. Bou Cabo, M. Boumaaza, J. Bouta, M. Bouvet, G. Bouwhuis, M. Bozza, C. Brânzaş, H. Bruijn, R. Brunner, J. Bruno, R. Buis, E. Buompane, R. Busto, J. Caiffi, B. Caillat, L. Calvo, D. Campion, S. Capone, A. Carduner, H. Carretero, V. Castaldi, P. Celli, S. Cereseto, R. Chabab, M. Chau, N. Chen, A. Cherubini, S. Chiarella, V. Chiarusi, T. Circella, M. Cocimano, R. Coelho, J.A.B. Coleiro, A. Colomer Molla, M. Coniglione, R. Coyle, P. Cresta, M. Cruz, A. Cuttone, G. D’Amico, A. Dallier, R. De Martino, B. De Palma, M. Di Palma, I. Díaz, A.F. Diego-Tortosa, D. Distefano, C. Domi, A. Donzaud, C. Dornic, D. Dörr, M. Drouhin, D. Eberl, T. Eddyamoui, A. van Eeden, T. van Eijk, D. El Bojaddaini, I. Eljarrari, H. Elsaesser, D. Enzenhöfer, A. Espinosa, V. Fermani, P. Ferrara, G. Filipović, M.D. Filippini, F. Fransen, J. Fusco, L.A. Gajanana, D. Gal, T. García Méndez, J. Garcia Soto, A. Garçon, E. Garufi, F. Gatius, C. Geißelbrecht, N. Gialanella, L. Giorgio, E. Gozzini, S.R. Gracia, R. Graf, K. Grella, G. Guderian, D. Guidi, C. Guillon, B. Gutiérrez, M. Haefner, J. Hallmann, S. Hamdaoui, H. van Haren, H. Heijboer, A. Hekalo, A. Hennig, L. Hernández-Rey, J.J. Hofestädt, J. Huang, F. Idrissi Ibnsalih, W. Illuminati, G. James, C.W. Janezashvili, D. Jansweijer, P. de Jong, M. de Jong, P. Jung, B.J. Kadler, M. Kalaczyński, P. Université de Paris CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie ParisF-75013 France Aix Marseille Univ CNRS IN2P3 CPPM Marseille France Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1 91058 Germany INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud Via S. Sofia 62 Catania95123 Italy Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics Amsterdam Netherlands Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes Paris75005 France Leiden University Leiden Institute of Physics PO Box 9504 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands INFN Sezione di Catania Via Santa Sofia 64 Catania95123 Italy Université de Strasbourg CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 StrasbourgF-67000 France IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular CSIC - Universitat de València c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Valencia Paterna46980 Spain INFN Sezione di Napoli Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Via Cintia ed. G Napoli80126 Italy Università di Napoli "Federico II" Dip. Scienze Fisiche "E. Pancini" Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Via Cintia ed. G Napoli80126 Italy INFN Sezione di Roma Piazzale Aldo Moro 2 Roma00185 Italy Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Laboratori d’Aplicacions Bioacústiques Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú Avda. Rambla Exposició s/n Vilanova i la Geltrú08800 Spain NCSR Demokritos Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics Ag. Paraskevi Attikis Athens15310 Greece INFN Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova16146 Italy University of Granada Dept. of Computer Architecture and Technology CITIC Granada18071 Spain Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1 Erlangen91058 Germany Universitat Politècnica de València Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras C/Paranimf 1 Gandia46730 Spain Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics PO Box 41882 Amsterdam1009 DB Netherlands University Mohammed V in Rabat Faculty

KM3NeT is a deep-sea infrastructure composed of two neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea: ARCA, near Sicily in Italy, designed for neutrino astronomy and ORCA, near Toulon in France, designed for neutrino oscillations. These two telescopes are 3D arrays of optical modules used to detect the Cherenkov radiation, which is a signature of charged particles going faster than light in the sea water. To achieve the best performance for the events reconstruction in the telescopes, the exact location of the optical modules, affected by sea current, must be known at any time and the timing resolution between optical modules must reach the nanosecond. Moreover, the properties of the environment in which the telescopes are deployed, such as temperature and salinity, must be continuously monitored because they affect the timing and positioning calibration. KM3NeT is going to deploy several dedicated Calibration Units to meet these calibration goals. The Calibration Base will host several instruments: a Laser Beacon for time calibration and an acoustic emitter and a hydrophone for positioning of the optical modules. To complete the positioning calibration, some of these Calibration Units will be equipped with an Instrumentation Unit hosting environmental monitoring instruments. Because of the difference in size between ARCA and ORCA, the design of the Calibration Unit is not the same for the two sites. This proceeding describes all the devices, features and purposes of the Calibration Units with a focus on ORCA Calibration Unit and its status. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Calibration

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SEOP program for neutron spin filters at the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2011年第1期294卷

作者： E Babcock A Ioffe Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II Institut für Festkörperforshung Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 85747 Garching Germany

The Jülich Centre for Neutron Science is developing spin-exchange optical pumping systems capable of polarizing the 3He gas for use as neutron spin filters with developments focused on individually optimized solutions for each application. When possible steady polarization achieved with in-situ optical pumping will provide high time averaged neutron performance and time-stability, however some applications are foreseen to use a 'local filling station' approach. In-situ polarizers are being developed for polarization analysis on reflectometry and small angle neutron scattering instruments. This overview of the current status of our SEOP program describes the motivation of in-situ polarization, the design and first results from the polarizer for analysis on reflectometry, and discusses the designs for a SANS analyzer and plans for wide angle analysis.

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Roadmap on structured waves

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Bliokh, Konstantin Y. Karimi, Ebrahim Padgett, Miles J. Alonso, Miguel A. Dennis, Mark R. Dudley, Angela Forbes, Andrew Zahedpour, Sina Hancock, Scott W. Milchberg, Howard M. Rotter, Stefan Nori, Franco Özdemir, Şahin K. Bender, Nicholas Cao, Hui Corkum, Paul B. Hernández-García, Carlos Ren, Haoran Kivshar, Yuri Silveirinha, Mário G. Engheta, Nader Rauschenbeutel, Arno Schneeweiss, Philipp Volz, Jürgen Leykam, Daniel Smirnova, Daria A. Rong, Kexiu Wang, Bo Hasman, Erez Picardi, Michela F. Zayats, Anatoly V. Rodríguez-Fortuño, Francisco J. Yang, Chenwen Ren, Jie Khanikaev, Alexander B. Alù, Andrea Brasselet, Etienne Shats, Michael Verbeeck, Jo Schattschneider, Peter Sarenac, Dusan Cory, David G. Pushin, Dmitry Birk, Michael Gorlach, Alexey Kaminer, Ido Cardano, Filippo Marrucci, Lorenzo Krenn, Mario Marquardt, Florian Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory RIKEN Saitama Wako-shi351-0198 Japan Department of Physics University of Ottawa OttawaONK1N 6N5 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Glasgow GlasgowG12 8QQ United Kingdom Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille Institut Fresnel Marseille13013 France The Institute of Optics University of Rochester RochesterNY14627 United States School of Physics and Astronomy University of Birmingham Birmingham United Kingdom School of Physics University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3 Johannesburg2050 South Africa Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States ViennaA-1040 Austria Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-1040 United States The Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States Department of Applied Physics Yale University New HavenCT United States Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory National Research Council University of Ottawa OttawaON Canada Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica Departamento de Física Aplicada Universidad de Salamanca SalamancaE-37008 Spain MQ School of Physics and Astronomy Monash University ClaytonVIC3800 Australia Research School of Physics Australian National University CanberraACT2601 Australia Instituto de Telecomunicações Instituto Superior Técnico University of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Physics Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin12489 Germany Centre for Quantum Technologies National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2 Singapore117543 Singapore Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Helen Diller Quantum Center Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa3200003 Israel Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan RD. Minhang District Shanghai China Department of Physics

Structured waves are ubiquitous for all areas of wave physics, both classical and quantum, where the wavefields are inhomogeneous and cannot be approximated by a single plane wave. Even the interference of two plane waves, or a single inhomogeneous (evanescent) wave, provides a number of nontrivial phenomena and additional functionalities as compared to a single plane wave. Complex wavefields with inhomogeneities in the amplitude, phase, and polarization, including topological structures and singularities, underpin modern nanooptics and photonics, yet they are equally important, e.g., for quantum matter waves, acoustics, water waves, etc. Structured waves are crucial in optical and electron microscopy, wave propagation and scattering, imaging, communications, quantum optics, topological and non-Hermitian wave systems, quantum condensed-matter systems, optomechanics, plasmonics and metamaterials, optical and acoustic manipulation, and so forth. This Roadmap is written collectively by prominent researchers and aims to survey the role of structured waves in various areas of wave physics. Providing background, current research, and anticipating future developments, it will be of interest to a wide cross-disciplinary audience. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Topology

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Parallel detection for picosecond ultrasonics

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The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2008年第5_SUPPLEMENT期123卷 3553-3553页

作者： Richard Smith Mike Somekh Steve Sharples Roger Light Nicholas Johnston Mark Pitter University of Nottingham School Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK richard.j.smith@nottingham.ac.uk University of Nottingham School Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK mike.somekh@nottingham.ac.uk University of Nottingham School Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK steve.sharples@nottingham.ac.uk University of Nottingham School Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK roger.light@nottingham.ac.uk University of Nottingham School Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK Nicholas.Johnston@nottingham.ac.uk University of Nottingham School Electrical and Electronic Engineering University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK mark.pitter@nottingham.ac.uk

Picosecond laser ultrasonics is a powerful technique for measurement and diagnosis of micro‐ and nano‐scale structures. Unfortunately the data acquisition speeds are slow, this is a major drawback for widespread acceptance and usually makes imaging impractical. We are engaged in a program to accelerate the data capture rate by parallel acquisition of the incoming signals. This involves electronic developments as well as optical design. In order to parallelise the electronics we have used two approaches (i) a modified commercial camera and (ii) a custom built CMOS array detector. These approaches use an integrating camera which by application of suitable algorithms can perform the task of parallel lock in detection. Modulation depths below 1 part in 106, over 512 pixels can be readily detected with the commercial detector and smaller modulation depths are possible with the custom detector on account of the large well depth and hence high signal to noise. We also discuss the novel optical detection configurations that allow parallel detection of ultrasonic waves with ultrasonic wavelengths below the optical diffraction limit. Results are presented that show image acquisition rates orders of magnitude faster than normally possible with picosecond ultrasonic systems. Prospects for ultrahigh resolution optical resolution are discussed.

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Integrated multi-objective optimisation of the support structure of heliostats in concentrated solar power plants using a genetic algorithm

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and engineering 2022年第1期1214卷

作者： L Lomazzi F Cadini M Giglio C Cancro G Ciniglio G Graditi A Pontecorvo Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering Via La Masa n.1 Milan Italy Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development ENEA – Research Center Piazza E. Fermi 1 80055 Portici (NA) Italy

The optimisation of the support structure of heliostats in concentrating solar power plants is a fundamental task aimed at attempting to reduce the high levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of current configurations. In this work, an integrated multi-objective optimisation framework is presented, which relies on the combination of a lean and fast structural model with a genetic algorithm to simultaneously minimise both the overall mass of the support structure and the mean angle of rotation of the mirror surface, which directly affects the optical efficiency of the component. A particular feature of the proposed framework is that it represents an integrated solution, i.e., it allows to simultaneously optimise the main components of the heliostat support structure, i.e., the pedestal, the truss and the back support structure, assuming they are off-the-shelf components easily available on the market. The optimisation problem is set up selecting as design variables (i) the number of elements in the back support structure and (ii) the relevant characteristics of all the components considered, i.e., section shape and dimensions, according to the components commercial datasheets. At each iteration of the optimisation process, the structural model is fed with the current design variables values and, according to some computed aerodynamic loads, it allows evaluating the displacement and rotation of the points of interest within the mirror surface. An aerodynamic model present in the literature based on experimental wind tunnel tests is used to estimate the wind forces acting on the heliostat as a function both of the mirror inclination angle with respect to the ground and of the wind direction with respect to the mirror orientation. In this work, the proposed methodology is demonstrated on a realistic case study and the results commented in detail, highlighting possible future developments and the limitations of the framework.

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The vector-apodizing phase plate coronagraph: design, current performance, and future development

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Doelman, David S. Snik, F. Por, E.H. Bos, S.P. Otten, G.P.P.L. Kenworthy, M. Haffert, S.Y. Wilby, M. Bohn, A.J. Sutlieff, B.J. Miller, K. Ouellet, M. de Boer, J. Keller, C.U. Escuti, M.J. Shi, S. Warriner, N.Z. Hornburg, K.J. Birkby, J.L. Males, J. Morzinski, K.M. Close, L.M. Codona, J. Long, J. Schatz, L. Lumbres, J. Rodack, A. van Gorkom, K. Hedglen, A. Guyon, O. Lozi, J. Groff, T. Chilcote, J. Jovanovic, N. Thibault, S. de Jonge, C. Allain, G. Vallée, C. Patel, D. Côté, O. Marois, C. Hinz, P. Stone, J. Skemer, A. Briesemeister, Z. Boehle, A. Glauser, A.M. Taylor, W. Baudoz, P. Huby, E. Absil, O. Carlomagno, B. Delacroix, C. Leiden Observatory Leiden University P.O. Box 9513 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands Space Telescope Science Institute 3700 San Martin Drive BaltimoreMD21218 United States Aix Marseille Univ CNRS CNES LAM Marseille France Steward Observatory University of Arizona 933 North Cherry Avenue TucsonAZ85721 United States Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam1098 XH Netherlands COPL Département de physique génie physique et optique Université Laval 2375 rue de la Terrasse QuebecG1V 0A6 Canada Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University RaleighNC27695 United States Department of Physics University of Oxford Denys Wilkinson Building Keble Road OxfordOX1 3RH United Kingdom Harvard & Smithsonian | Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden St CambridgeMA02138 United States College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona 1630 E University Blvd TucsonAZ85719 United States 650 North A‘ohōkū Place HiloHI96720 United States Astrobiology Center of NINS 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMD United States Department of Physics University of Notre Dame South BendIN United States Department of Astronomy California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Blvd. PasadenaCA91125 United States SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research Landleven 12 Groningen9747AD Netherlands National Research Council of Canada Herzberg 5071 West Saanich Road VictoriaBCV9E 2E7 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road VictoriaBCV8P 5C2 Canada Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa CruzCA95064 United States Naval Research Laboratory Remote Sensing Division 4555 Overlook Ave. SW WashingtonDC20375 United States Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics ETH Zurich Wolfgang-Paulistr. 27 Zurich8093 Switzerland UK

Over the last decade, the vector-apodizing phase plate (vAPP) coronagraph has been developed from concept to on-sky application in many high-contrast imaging systems on 8-m class telescopes. The vAPP is an geometric-phase patterned coronagraph that is inherently broadband, and its manufacturing is enabled only by direct-write technology for liquid-crystal patterns. The vAPP generates two coronagraphic PSFs that cancel starlight on opposite sides of the point spread function (PSF) and have opposite circular polarization states. The efficiency, that is the amount of light in these PSFs, depends on the retardance offset from half-wave of the liquid-crystal retarder. Using different liquid-crystal recipes to tune the retardance, different vAPPs operate with high efficiencies (> 96%) in the visible and thermal infrared (0.55 µm to 5 µm). Since 2015, seven vAPPs have been installed in a total of six different instruments, including Magellan/MagAO, Magellan/MagAO-X, Subaru/SCExAO, and LBT/LMIRcam. Using two integral field spectrographs installed on the latter two instruments, these vAPPs can provide low-resolution spectra (R∼30) between 1 μm and 5 μm. We review the design process, development, commissioning, on-sky performance, and first scientific results of all commissioned vAPPs. We report on the lessons learned and conclude with perspectives for future developments and applications. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： optical transfer function

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Roadmap on structured waves

引用

JOURNAL OF OPTICS 2023年第10期25卷 103001-103001页

作者： Bliokh, Konstantin Y. Karimi, Ebrahim Padgett, Miles J. Alonso, Miguel A. Dennis, Mark R. Dudley, Angela Forbes, Andrew Zahedpour, Sina Hancock, Scott W. Milchberg, Howard M. Rotter, Stefan Nori, Franco Ozdemir, Sahin K. Bender, Nicholas Cao, Hui Corkum, Paul B. Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos Ren, Haoran Kivshar, Yuri Silveirinha, Mario G. Engheta, Nader Rauschenbeutel, Arno Schneeweiss, Philipp Volz, Juergen Leykam, Daniel Smirnova, Daria A. Rong, Kexiu Wang, Bo Hasman, Erez Picardi, Michela F. Zayats, Anatoly, V Rodriguez-Fortuno, Francisco J. Yang, Chenwen Ren, Jie Khanikaev, Alexander B. Alu, Andrea Brasselet, Etienne Shats, Michael Verbeeck, Jo Schattschneider, Peter Sarenac, Dusan Cory, David G. Pushin, Dmitry A. Birk, Michael Gorlach, Alexey Kaminer, Ido Cardano, Filippo Marrucci, Lorenzo Krenn, Mario Marquardt, Florian RIKEN Theoret Quantum Phys Lab Wako Saitama 3510198 Japan Ctr Excellence ENSEMBLE3 Sp Zoo PL-01919 Warsaw Poland Donostia Int Phys Ctr DIPC Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain Univ Ottawa Dept Phys Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada Univ Glasgow Dept Phys & Astron Glasgow G12 Scotland Aix Marseille Univ Inst Fresnel CNRS Cent Marseille Marseille France Univ Rochester Inst Opt Rochester NY 14527 USA Univ Birmingham Sch Phys & Astron Birmingham England Univ Witwatersrand Sch Phys Private Bag 3 ZA-2050 Johannesburg South Africa Univ Maryland Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys College Pk MD 20740 USA Vienna Univ Technol TU Wien Inst Theoret Phys A-1040 Vienna Austria Univ Michigan Dept Phys Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Penn State Univ Dept Engn Sci & Mech University Pk PA 16802 USA Penn State Univ Mat Res Inst University Pk PA 16802 USA Yale Univ Dept Appl Phys New Haven CT USA CNR Joint Attosecond Sci Lab Ottawa ON Canada Univ Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada Univ Salamanca Dept Fis Aplicada Grp Invest Aplicac Laser & Foton E-37008 Salamanca Spain Monash Univ Sch Phys & Astron Melbourne Vic 3800 Australia Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Phys Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Univ Lisbon Inst Telecomunicacoes Inst Super Tecn Lisbon Portugal Univ Penn Dept Elect & Syst Engn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Humboldt Univ Dept Phys D-12489 Berlin Germany Natl Univ Singapore Ctr Quantum Technol 3 Sci Dr 2 Singapore 117543 Singapore Technion Israel Inst Technol Russell Berrie Nanotechnol Inst IL-3200003 Haifa Israel Technion Israel Inst Technol Helen Diller Quantum Ctr IL-3200003 Haifa Israel Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ 800 Dongchuan RD Shanghai Peoples R China Kings Coll London Dept Phys London WC2R 2LS England Kings Coll London London Ctr Nanotechnol London WC2R 2LS England Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol ICFO Inst Ciencies Foton Castelldefels Barcelona Spain Tongji Univ Ctr Phonon & Thermal Energy Sci Sch Phys Sci & Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China CUNY City Coll Dept

Structured waves are ubiquitous for all areas of wave physics, both classical and quantum, where the wavefields are inhomogeneous and cannot be approximated by a single plane wave. Even the interference of two plane waves, or of a single inhomogeneous (evanescent) wave, provides a number of nontrivial phenomena and additional functionalities as compared to a single plane wave. Complex wavefields with inhomogeneities in the amplitude, phase, and polarization, including topological----- structures and singularities, underpin modern nanooptics and photonics, yet they are equally important, e.g. for quantum matter waves, acoustics, water waves, etc. Structured waves are crucial in optical and electron microscopy, wave propagation and scattering, imaging, communications, quantum optics, topological and non-Hermitian wave systems, quantum condensed-matter systems, optomechanics, plasmonics and metamaterials, optical and acoustic manipulation, and so forth. This Roadmap is written collectively by prominent researchers and aims to survey the role of structured waves in various areas of wave physics. Providing background, current research, and anticipating future developments, it will be of interest to a wide cross-disciplinary audience.

关键词： structured waves singular optics angular momentum vortex

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