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(INVITED)Planar microcavities: Materials and processing for light control

optical Materials: X 2022年 13卷

作者： Heba Megahd Davide Comoretto Paola Lova Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy

Microcavities are a class of optical structures providing a versatile approach to engineering light matter interactions. In light of recent developments in materials processing technologies, in particular for organic and hybrid ones, and of the need for high efficiency optical systems, there has been extensive innovation and improvement in their design and realization leading to a multitude of structures and materials. Among these, closed multi-material microcavities or microresonators based on the effect of dielectric contrast have been attractive for their low losses, applicability in a wide spectral range, and customizability. High-dielectric contrast microcavities based on distributed Bragg reflectors have been adapted early on for their highly controlled fabrication and strong light confinement and proved to be essential in current technologies including lasers and light emitting diodes. In this review, we map their evolution from planar one-dimensional inorganic structures to more sophisticated designs incorporating various categories of organic and hybrid materials. Additionally, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art developments and limitations of this class of structures.

关键词： microcavities Microresonators Refractive index Distributed bragg reflectors optical confinement

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Roadmap on structured waves

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JOURNAL OF OPTICS 2023年第10期25卷 103001-103001页

作者： Bliokh, Konstantin Y. Karimi, Ebrahim Padgett, Miles J. Alonso, Miguel A. Dennis, Mark R. Dudley, Angela Forbes, Andrew Zahedpour, Sina Hancock, Scott W. Milchberg, Howard M. Rotter, Stefan Nori, Franco Ozdemir, Sahin K. Bender, Nicholas Cao, Hui Corkum, Paul B. Hernandez-Garcia, Carlos Ren, Haoran Kivshar, Yuri Silveirinha, Mario G. Engheta, Nader Rauschenbeutel, Arno Schneeweiss, Philipp Volz, Juergen Leykam, Daniel Smirnova, Daria A. Rong, Kexiu Wang, Bo Hasman, Erez Picardi, Michela F. Zayats, Anatoly, V Rodriguez-Fortuno, Francisco J. Yang, Chenwen Ren, Jie Khanikaev, Alexander B. Alu, Andrea Brasselet, Etienne Shats, Michael Verbeeck, Jo Schattschneider, Peter Sarenac, Dusan Cory, David G. Pushin, Dmitry A. Birk, Michael Gorlach, Alexey Kaminer, Ido Cardano, Filippo Marrucci, Lorenzo Krenn, Mario Marquardt, Florian RIKEN Theoret Quantum Phys Lab Wako Saitama 3510198 Japan Ctr Excellence ENSEMBLE3 Sp Zoo PL-01919 Warsaw Poland Donostia Int Phys Ctr DIPC Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain Univ Ottawa Dept Phys Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada Univ Glasgow Dept Phys & Astron Glasgow G12 Scotland Aix Marseille Univ Inst Fresnel CNRS Cent Marseille Marseille France Univ Rochester Inst Opt Rochester NY 14527 USA Univ Birmingham Sch Phys & Astron Birmingham England Univ Witwatersrand Sch Phys Private Bag 3 ZA-2050 Johannesburg South Africa Univ Maryland Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys College Pk MD 20740 USA Vienna Univ Technol TU Wien Inst Theoret Phys A-1040 Vienna Austria Univ Michigan Dept Phys Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Penn State Univ Dept Engn Sci & Mech University Pk PA 16802 USA Penn State Univ Mat Res Inst University Pk PA 16802 USA Yale Univ Dept Appl Phys New Haven CT USA CNR Joint Attosecond Sci Lab Ottawa ON Canada Univ Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada Univ Salamanca Dept Fis Aplicada Grp Invest Aplicac Laser & Foton E-37008 Salamanca Spain Monash Univ Sch Phys & Astron Melbourne Vic 3800 Australia Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Phys Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Univ Lisbon Inst Telecomunicacoes Inst Super Tecn Lisbon Portugal Univ Penn Dept Elect & Syst Engn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Humboldt Univ Dept Phys D-12489 Berlin Germany Natl Univ Singapore Ctr Quantum Technol 3 Sci Dr 2 Singapore 117543 Singapore Technion Israel Inst Technol Russell Berrie Nanotechnol Inst IL-3200003 Haifa Israel Technion Israel Inst Technol Helen Diller Quantum Ctr IL-3200003 Haifa Israel Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ 800 Dongchuan RD Shanghai Peoples R China Kings Coll London Dept Phys London WC2R 2LS England Kings Coll London London Ctr Nanotechnol London WC2R 2LS England Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol ICFO Inst Ciencies Foton Castelldefels Barcelona Spain Tongji Univ Ctr Phonon & Thermal Energy Sci Sch Phys Sci & Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China CUNY City Coll Dept

Structured waves are ubiquitous for all areas of wave physics, both classical and quantum, where the wavefields are inhomogeneous and cannot be approximated by a single plane wave. Even the interference of two plane waves, or of a single inhomogeneous (evanescent) wave, provides a number of nontrivial phenomena and additional functionalities as compared to a single plane wave. Complex wavefields with inhomogeneities in the amplitude, phase, and polarization, including topological----- structures and singularities, underpin modern nanooptics and photonics, yet they are equally important, e.g. for quantum matter waves, acoustics, water waves, etc. Structured waves are crucial in optical and electron microscopy, wave propagation and scattering, imaging, communications, quantum optics, topological and non-Hermitian wave systems, quantum condensed-matter systems, optomechanics, plasmonics and metamaterials, optical and acoustic manipulation, and so forth. This Roadmap is written collectively by prominent researchers and aims to survey the role of structured waves in various areas of wave physics. Providing background, current research, and anticipating future developments, it will be of interest to a wide cross-disciplinary audience.

关键词： structured waves singular optics angular momentum vortex

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Advances in design engineering and merits of electron transporting layers in perovskite solar cells

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MATERIALS HORIZONS 2020年第9期7卷 2276-2291页

作者： Pan, Han Zhao, Xiaojuan Gong, Xiu Li, Hao Ladi, Najib Haji Zhang, Xiao Li Huang, Wenchao Ahmad, Shahzada Ding, Liming Shen, Yan Wang, Mingkui Fu, Yongqing Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Optoelect Sci & Engn Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol China EU Inst Clean & Renewable Energy Luoyu Rd 1037 Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Zhengzhou Univ State Ctr Int Cooperat Designer Low Carbon & Envi Sch Mat Sci & Engn Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China Monash Univ Dept Mat Sci & Engn Clayton Vic 3800 Australia Wuhan Univ Technol State Key Lab Adv Technol Mat Synth & Proc Wuhan 430070 Peoples R China Adv Energy Sci & Technol Guangdong Lab Foshan Xianhu Lab Xianhu Hydrogen Valley 528216 Foshan Peoples R China BC Mat BCMat Basque Ctr Mat Applicat & Nanostruct Bilbao 48940 Spain Basque Fdn Sci Ikerbasque Bilbao 48013 Spain Natl Ctr Nanosci & Technol Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Northumbria Univ Fac Engn & Environm Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST Tyne & Wear England

The emerging photovoltaic technology, namely perovskite photovoltaics, follows a style to the blooming flower with superficial prosperity described by the ancient poet Yuxi Liu. Metal-halide perovskite has become one of the most promising photovoltaic materials for thin-film solar-cell applications, mainly due to its exellent visible light capture capability, large diffusion coefficients and long diffusion lengths of charge carriers (both electrons and holes). The reported power conversion efficiency of laboratory produced perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has exceeded 25%. However, this value was only achieved for devices of less than 0.1 cm(2)dimensions, and decreases significantly with the increase in area (for example, down to 11.6% for a device area of similar to 800 cm(2), showing the issues with the scalability). In PSCs, the electron transport layer (ETL) has to perform two essential functions, which are related: (i) to collect and transfer charges after the injection of electrons from the perovskite light harvester;and (ii) to block the backflow of holes, thus realizing effective charge separation and suppressing charge carrier recombination. However, there are several critical issues associated with the ETLs which limit the further development of the PSCs. For example, the experimentally obtained open-circuit voltages in PSCs are typically much lower compared to the theoretical voltage limit with their optical bandgaps between 1.59 and 1.63 eV. This is mainly attributed to inefficient charge transport in the PSCs due to inhomogeneous charge accumulation and serious interfacial recombination at the interfaces between the ETL and the perovskite active layer. We scan recent developments of ETLs in PSCs, and discuss design methodologies, mechanisms, processing and characterization of new types of ETLs. High power conversion efficiency with large open-circuit voltages/photo-currents could be achieved through designing materials and microstructures for high-quality

关键词： Perovskite solar cells

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Simulating 1.55 μm optical Gain in Type-ii InAlAs/InGaAs/GaAsSb Nanoscale Heterostructure

Simulating 1.55 μm Optical Gain in Type-II InAlAs/InGaAs/Ga...

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International Conference on Startup Ventures: Technology developments and Future Strategies, SV-TDFS 2018

作者： Khan, A.M. Bhardwaj, Garima Abu-Samak, M. Saeed, S.H. Alvi, P.A. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Integral University Lucknow UP226026 India Department of Electronics Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali Rajasthan304022 India Department of Physics Al-Hussein Bin Talal University P.O. Box 20 Ma'an Jordan Department of Physics Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali Rajasthan304022 India

This particular work has been designed to give an idea regarding W shaped nano based type ii heterostructure and for the above particular design simulation concept have also been carried out in a theoretical way to obtain optical gain for the given material system InAlAs/InGaAs/GaAsSb, which is used to be operated at 1.55 μm near IR. The designed heterostructure contains two quantum wells (width ∼ 2 nm) of InGaAs material. To solve the carrier's localities within the heterostructure, k.p method has been adopted. As far as calculations are concerned we have opted a defined phenomena to measure the significant characteristics with respective to optical nature like dispersion, gain and many other properties have also been found in order to get good results that would be helpful to emit radiations of the order of the working wavelength and to employ great communication systems applications that can be optical fiber based. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： optical gain

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丝素蛋白纤维及功能化材料的设计与构筑

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高分子学报 2021年第1期52卷 29-46,I0003,I0001页

作者：范苏娜陈杰顾张弘姚响张耀鹏东华大学纤维材料改性国家重点实验室材料科学与工程学院上海201620

随着环境污染、资源枯竭和医疗健康等问题的加剧,研发同时满足特定使用性能、安全性及可再生性的新型材料成为当前的发展趋势.而丝素蛋白材料正是以天然蚕丝为基本原材料,经一定的加工和功能化而形成的具有特殊结构、独特性能和广泛应... 详细信息

随着环境污染、资源枯竭和医疗健康等问题的加剧,研发同时满足特定使用性能、安全性及可再生性的新型材料成为当前的发展趋势.而丝素蛋白材料正是以天然蚕丝为基本原材料,经一定的加工和功能化而形成的具有特殊结构、独特性能和广泛应用的生物质材料,近年来在生物医药、生物电子、智能传感等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力.本专论总结了丝素蛋白纤维及功能化材料的最新成果,结合本课题组相关工作,重点阐述了再生丝素蛋白纤维的仿生制备、生物医用支架的构筑与功能化、智能电子材料的设计以及天然多功能蚕丝及其构筑基元制备的研究进展,以期为高性能丝素蛋白材料的设计与构筑提供指导和借鉴.

关键词：丝素蛋白多级结构功能材料仿生构筑

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Comparison of the Efficacy of Three Direct Ophthalmoscopes: A Clinical Study 20

Comparison of the Efficacy of Three Direct Ophthalmoscopes: ...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XX

作者： Parthasarathy, Mohana Kuppuswamy Faruq, Ibrahim Arthurs, Eugene Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan Univ Waterloo Sch Optometry & Vis Sci Theoret & Expt Epistemol Lab Waterloo ON Canada Costco Opt Waterloo ON Canada SPIE Bellingham WA USA Univ Waterloo Dept Phys Waterloo ON Canada Univ Waterloo Dept ECE Waterloo ON Canada Univ Waterloo Dept Syst Design Engn Waterloo ON Canada

ISBN: (数字)9781510629028

ISBN: (纸本)9781510629028

Retinal examination using direct ophthalmoscope is preferred over other techniques for screening purposes because of its portability and high magnification, despite its power sustainability and cost issues. With increasing number of low-cost sustainable devices available in the market, it is important to assess the efficacy of the devices. We compared three devices - Arclight ophthalmoscope, a D-Eye attached to iPhone 6, and conventional ophthalmoscope Heine K180 - in terms of ease of examination, usage, field of view, color rendition, patient comfort, length of examination, and closeness to the eye. Two trained optometrists examined 26 undilated eyes and graded the ease of retinal examination, ease of use and assessed vertical cup:disc ratio (VCDR). Patients reported their comfort level in terms of glare produced by the light source, length of examination and closeness to the eye. The examiners had a good agreement for all assessments. Of 26 eyes, VCDR assessment was not possible in 10/ 26 (38.4%) of the examinations, in (3/26, 11.5%) examinations with Arclight, in 0/26 examinations with D-Eye. Ease of use score was higher for Arclight and D-Eye than Heine. D-Eye had a relatively larger field of view than other 2 devices. Heine ranked first in color rendition. The luminance level of the high-beam setting of Arclight was more than twice that of Heine and D-Eye. Despite that, the patients reported experiencing uncomfortable glare in Heine (14/26, 53.8%), significant glare with Arclight (16/26, 61.5%) and some/no glare with D-Eye. The examination time was shorter when using D-Eye. Overall, D-Eye scored better in most of the evaluation items followed by Arclight.

关键词： Direct Ophthalmoscope Retina cup to disc ratio D-Eye smartphone ophthalmoscope Arclight ophthalmoscope Heine ophthalmoscope solar powered ophthalmoscope

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The Calibration Units of KM3NeT 37

The Calibration Units of KM3NeT

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37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Le Breton, R. Billault, M. Boutonnet, C. Champion, C. Colonges, S. Cosquer, A. Creusot, A. Henry, S. Ilioni, A. Keller, P. Lagier, P. Lahmann, R. Lamare, P. Lesrel, J. Lindsey Clark, M. Riccobene, G. Royon, J. Samtleben, D. Van Elewyck, V. Ageron, M. Aiello, S. Albert, A. Alshamsi, M. Alves Garre, S. Aly, Z. Ambrosone, A. Ameli, F. Andre, M. Androulakis, G. Anghinolfi, M. Anguita, M. Anton, G. Ardid, M. Ardid, S. Assal, W. Aublin, J. Bagatelas, C. Baret, B. Basegmez du Pree, S. Bendahman, M. Benfenati, F. Berbee, E. van den Berg, A.M. Bertin, V. Beurthey, S. van Beveren, V. Biagi, S. Bissinger, M. Boettcher, M. Bou Cabo, M. Boumaaza, J. Bouta, M. Bouvet, G. Bouwhuis, M. Bozza, C. Brânzaş, H. Bruijn, R. Brunner, J. Bruno, R. Buis, E. Buompane, R. Busto, J. Caiffi, B. Caillat, L. Calvo, D. Campion, S. Capone, A. Carduner, H. Carretero, V. Castaldi, P. Celli, S. Cereseto, R. Chabab, M. Chau, N. Chen, A. Cherubini, S. Chiarella, V. Chiarusi, T. Circella, M. Cocimano, R. Coelho, J.A.B. Coleiro, A. Colomer Molla, M. Coniglione, R. Coyle, P. Cresta, M. Cruz, A. Cuttone, G. D’Amico, A. Dallier, R. De Martino, B. De Palma, M. Di Palma, I. Díaz, A.F. Diego-Tortosa, D. Distefano, C. Domi, A. Donzaud, C. Dornic, D. Dörr, M. Drouhin, D. Eberl, T. Eddyamoui, A. van Eeden, T. van Eijk, D. El Bojaddaini, I. Eljarrari, H. Elsaesser, D. Enzenhöfer, A. Espinosa, V. Fermani, P. Ferrara, G. Filipović, M.D. Filippini, F. Fransen, J. Fusco, L.A. Gajanana, D. Gal, T. García Méndez, J. Garcia Soto, A. Garçon, E. Garufi, F. Gatius, C. Geißelbrecht, N. Gialanella, L. Giorgio, E. Gozzini, S.R. Gracia, R. Graf, K. Grella, G. Guderian, D. Guidi, C. Guillon, B. Gutiérrez, M. Haefner, J. Hallmann, S. Hamdaoui, H. van Haren, H. Heijboer, A. Hekalo, A. Hennig, L. Hernández-Rey, J.J. Hofestädt, J. Huang, F. Idrissi Ibnsalih, W. Illuminati, G. James, C.W. Janezashvili, D. Jansweijer, P. de Jong, M. de Jong, P. Jung, B.J. Kadler, M. Kalaczyński, P. Université de Paris CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie ParisF-75013 France Aix Marseille Univ CNRS IN2P3 CPPM Marseille France Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1 91058 Germany INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud Via S. Sofia 62 Catania95123 Italy Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics Amsterdam Netherlands Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes Paris75005 France Leiden University Leiden Institute of Physics PO Box 9504 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands INFN Sezione di Catania Via Santa Sofia 64 Catania95123 Italy Université de Strasbourg CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 StrasbourgF-67000 France IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular CSIC - Universitat de València c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Valencia Paterna46980 Spain INFN Sezione di Napoli Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Via Cintia ed. G Napoli80126 Italy Università di Napoli "Federico II" Dip. Scienze Fisiche "E. Pancini" Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Via Cintia ed. G Napoli80126 Italy INFN Sezione di Roma Piazzale Aldo Moro 2 Roma00185 Italy Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Laboratori d’Aplicacions Bioacústiques Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú Avda. Rambla Exposició s/n Vilanova i la Geltrú08800 Spain NCSR Demokritos Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics Ag. Paraskevi Attikis Athens15310 Greece INFN Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova16146 Italy University of Granada Dept. of Computer Architecture and Technology CITIC Granada18071 Spain Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1 Erlangen91058 Germany Universitat Politècnica de València Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras C/Paranimf 1 Gandia46730 Spain Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics PO Box 41882 Amsterdam1009 DB Netherlands University Mohammed V in Rabat Faculty

KM3NeT is a deep-sea infrastructure composed of two neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea: ARCA, near Sicily in Italy, designed for neutrino astronomy and ORCA, near Toulon in France, designed for neutrino oscillations. These two telescopes are 3D arrays of optical modules used to detect the Cherenkov radiation, which is a signature of charged particles going faster than light in the sea water. To achieve the best performance for the events reconstruction in the telescopes, the exact location of the optical modules, affected by sea current, must be known at any time and the timing resolution between optical modules must reach the nanosecond. Moreover, the properties of the environment in which the telescopes are deployed, such as temperature and salinity, must be continuously monitored because they affect the timing and positioning calibration. KM3NeT is going to deploy several dedicated Calibration Units to meet these calibration goals. The Calibration Base will host several instruments: a Laser Beacon for time calibration and an acoustic emitter and a hydrophone for positioning of the optical modules. To complete the positioning calibration, some of these Calibration Units will be equipped with an Instrumentation Unit hosting environmental monitoring instruments. Because of the difference in size between ARCA and ORCA, the design of the Calibration Unit is not the same for the two sites. This proceeding describes all the devices, features and purposes of the Calibration Units with a focus on ORCA Calibration Unit and its status. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Calibration

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optical-RF dual relay communication system for 1000-Au interstellar mission 70

Optical-RF dual relay communication system for 1000-Au inter...

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70th International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2019

作者： Kufahl, Katelyn M. Boone, Bradley G. Beck, Adam L. Space Exploration Sector Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd LaurelMD20755 United States Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University BaltimoreMD21218 United States

The goal of a realistic interstellar mission to the nearest star, recently announced by NASA as a new space exploration objective targeted for circa 2069, presents an exciting prospect for creating a pragmatic but visionary mission design. In light of such a long-term mission goal, potential technological developments that might be mission enablers are a matter of speculation at best, but the basic physical principles underlying telecommunications subsystem conceptual design are well within our grasp. For example, the range required of a communications link to the Alpha Centauri system is prohibitively large due to current and foreseeable engineering limits in pointing capability, receiver sensitivity, and power transmission in both RF and optical domains. However, realistic design specifications can be identified if the mission concept is broadened in two ways: launch a precursor mission to a distance of 1000 AU, and implement the precursor mission not as a single spacecraft but as a fleet of several spacecraft launched in periodic succession. In doing so, the communications subsystem can take the form of a relay chain for which the spacing is determined by the upper limits of downlink transmission capability at the time of launch. By reducing the required link range to within achievable limits, link analysis can be further constrained by examination of tradeoffs in transmitter output power, data rate, bit error rate, antenna sizes, pointing loss, path attenuation, turbulence effects, and link availability at both optical and radio frequencies. The proposed subsystem is dual-channel: an optical link to achieve the minimum required downlink data rates, and an RF link to minimize pointing loss for spacecraft emergency recovery. Through the implementation of a relay-based dual-channel design, the subsystem can yield effective and reliable downlink data transmission over communication distances of unprecedented vastness. Copyright © 2019 by the International Astronauti

关键词： optical communication

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current trends, challenges, and perspectives of anti-fogging technology: Surface and material design, fabrication strategies, and beyond

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PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019年 99卷 106-186页

作者： Duran, Ivan Rodriguez Laroche, Gaetan Univ Laval Dept Genie Mines Met & Mat Ctr Rech Mat Avances Lab Ingn Surface 1065 Ave Med Quebec City PQ G1V 0A6 Canada Hop St Francois Assise Ctr Hosp Univ Quebec Ctr Rech 10 Rue Espinay Quebec City PQ G1L 3L5 Canada

Transparent materials such as glasses and some polymers play an essential role in our daily life. Indeed, it is well known that their application in mirrors, windows, automobile windshields, and eyewear make our day-to-day activities more comfortable. These examples aside, many more can also be found in several spheres of human activity, including such sectors as diverse and distinct as the medical, photovoltaic and food industry fields. Unfortunately, due to the unavoidable condensation of water vapor on solid surfaces, these materials undergo fogging under normal operating conditions. More than a mere nuisance, this naturally occurring phenomenon adversely affects their optical performance as it lowers the light-transmitting capability and often gives rise to esthetical, hygienic, and safety concerns. In this context, research in the field of anti-fogging technology has attracted growing interest, particularly in recent years, for numerous potential applications. In this review, recent developments in the design and manufacturing of anti-fogging surfaces are described in detail, beginning with the fogging mechanism in terms of nucleation and growth of water drops. Anti-fogging strategies explored thus far and mainly focusing on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces are then extensively described. Finally, based on current research in this promising field, future trends and prospects for their effective implementation are presented.

关键词： Fog resistant surfaces Theoretical aspects of fogging Water drops Light scattering Anti-fogging strategies

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Performance Limits of Graphene Hot Electron Emission Photoemitters

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Physical Review Applied 2020年第2期13卷 024060-024060页

作者： Ragib Ahsan Mashnoon Alam Sakib Hyun Uk Chae Rehan Kapadia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles 90089 CA United States

Hot electron emission from waveguide-integrated graphene has been recently shown to occur at optical power densities multiple orders of magnitude lower than that of metal tips excited by sub-work-function photons. However, the experimentally observed electron emission currents are small, which limits the practical uses of such a mechanism. Here, we explore the performance limits of hot electron emission in graphene through experimentally calibrated simulations. Two regimes of nonequilibrium emission in graphene are identified, (i) single particle hot electron emission, where an electron is excited by a photon and emitted before losing significant energy through scattering; and (ii) ensemble hot electron emission, where the photon source causes nonequilibrium heating of the electron population beyond the electron lattice temperature. It is shown that, through appropriate selection of photon energy, optical power density, and applied electric field, hot electron emission can be used to create ultrahigh current electron emitters with ultrafast temporal responses in both the single particle and ensemble heating regimes. These results suggest that, through appropriate design, hot electron emitters may overcome the limitations of thermionic and field emitters.

关键词： Electron beams & optics Field emission Photoemission Thermionic emission Graphene Waveguides Boltzmann theory Monte Carlo methods

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