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design, fabrication, and metrology of polymer gradient-index lenses for high-performance eyepieces

Design, fabrication, and metrology of polymer gradient-index...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Corsetti, James A. Visconti, Anthony J. Fang, Kejia McCarthy, Peter Schmidt, Greg R. Moore, Duncan T. Univ Rochester Inst Opt Rochester NY 14627 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

High-performance eyepiece designs have been carried out using both spherical and radial gradient-index (GRIN) elements. Eyepiece designs of both geometries are shown to offer superior imaging performance with fewer elements when compared to purely homogeneous systems. These GRIN lenses are formed from monomer diffusion between polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PSTY) during the polymerization process, resulting in a copolymer of the two homogeneous materials. A process for fabricating spherical GRIN elements is discussed where copolymer axial GRIN blanks are thermally compressed using spherical surface molds. This process curves the nominally-straight isoindicial surfaces of the axial GRIN rod to be consistent with the shape found during optimization of the design. Once compressed, the spherical blanks are diamond-turned for final surface figure and finish. Measurement of the GRIN profile is carried out using the Schmidt immersion technique in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Tolerances specific to GRIN elements are identified and determined to be readily achievable using the aforementioned manufacturing process.

关键词： Gradient-index spherical gradient-index polymer optics optical design eyepiece methyl methacrylate styrene

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Fabrication of subcutaneous veins phantom for Vessel visualization system

Fabrication of subcutaneous veins phantom for Vessel visuali...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Cheng, Kai Narita, Kazuyuki Morita, Yusuke Nakamachi, Eiji Honda, Norihiro Awazu, Kunio Doshisha Univ Dept Med Engn 1-3 Miyakodani Kyotanabe Kyoto 6100394 Japan Osaka Univ Ctr Adv Med Engn & Informat Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

The technique of subcutaneous veins imaging by using NIR (Near Infrared Radiation) is widely used in medical applications, such as the intravenous injection and the blood sampling. In the previous study, an automatic 3D blood vessel search and automatic blood sampling system was newly developed. In order to validate this NIR imaging system, we adopted the subcutaneous vein in the human arm and its artificial phantom, which imitate the human fat and blood vessel. The human skin and subcutaneous vein is characterized as the uncertainty object, which has the individual specificity, non-accurate depth information, non-steady state and hardly to be fixed in the examination apparatus. On the other hand, the conventional phantom was quite distinct from the human's characteristics, such as the non-multilayer structure, disagreement of optical property. In this study, we develop a multilayer phantom, which is quite similar with human skin, for improvement of NIR detection system evaluation. The phantom consists of three layers, such as the epidermis layer, the dermis layer and the subcutaneous fat layer. In subcutaneous fat layer, we built a blood vessel. We use the intralipid to imitate the optical scattering characteristics of human skin, and the hemoglobin and melanin for the optical absorption characteristics. In this study, we did two subjects. First, we decide the fabrication process of the phantom. Second, we compared newly developed phantoms with human skin by using our NIR detecting system, and confirm the availability of these phantoms.

关键词： NIR Vessel Visualization Phantom optical Property Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Fat Intralipid Melanin Hemoglobin

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Radiance limits of ceramic phosphors under high excitation fluxes

Radiance limits of ceramic phosphors under high excitation f...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Lenef, Alan Kelso, John Zheng, Yi Tchoul, Maxim OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc Corp Technol CRSL Beverly MA 01915 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Ceramic phosphors, excited by high radiance pump sources, offer considerable potential for high radiance conversion. Interestingly, thermodynamic arguments suggest that the radiance of the luminescent spot can even exceed that of the incoming light source. In practice, however, thermal quenching and (non-thermal) optical saturation limit the maximum attainable radiance of the luminescent source. We present experimental data for Ce:YAG and Ce:GdYAG ceramics in which these limits have been investigated. High excitation fluxes are achieved using laser pumping. optical pumping intensities exceeding 100W/mm(2) have been shown to produce only modest efficiency depreciation at low overall pump powers because of the short Ce3+ lifetime, although additional limitations exist. When pump powers are higher, heat-transfer bottlenecks within the ceramic and heat-sink interfaces limit maximum pump intensities. We find that surface temperatures of these laser-pumped ceramics can reach well over 150 degrees C, causing thermal-quenching losses. We also find that in some cases, the loss of quantum efficiency with increasing temperature can cause a thermal run-away effect, resulting in a rapid loss in converted light, possibly over-heating the sample or surrounding structures. While one can still obtain radiances on the order of many W/mm(2)/sr, temperature quenching effects ultimately limit converted light radiance. Finally, we use the diffusion-approximation radiation transport models and rate equation models to simulate some of these nonlinear optical pumping and heating effects in high-scattering ceramics.

关键词： radiance phosphors ceramics saturation thermal quenching entropy optical pumping

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design of compact fisheye lens with slope-constrained Q-type aspheres

Design of compact fisheye lens with slope-constrained Q-type...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Xu, Chen Cheng, Dewen Song, Weitao Wang, Yongtian Wang, Qingfeng Beijing Inst Technol Sch Optoelect Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Two types of fisheye lenses for automobile navigation are designed with slope-constrained Q-type aspheres. Special requirements have been considered in the design process, and Q-type surfaces are introduced by converted from other kinds of aspheric description with only coefficients of low-order terms retained. A possible problem of imaging the first surface onto the sensor has also been analyzed. As a result, as for the six-element fisheye lens, MTF is greater than 0.3 at 45lp/mm, f-theta distortion is less than 0.03 when the focal length is calibrated, field of view is 230 degrees and full field relative illumination is greater than 0.4. For the four-element fisheye lens, MTF is greater than 0.4 at 45lp/mm, f-theta distortion is less than 0.16, field of view is 190 degrees and full field relative illumination is greater than 0.6. The design results show that the Q-type surfaces employed in fisheye lenses can make the system more compact, lightweighted and easier to manufacture.

关键词： fisheye lens Q-type asphere distortion evaluation tolerance analysis image quality analysis

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A three-channel miniaturized optical system for multi-resolution imaging

A three-channel miniaturized optical system for multi-resolu...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Belay, Gebirie Y. Ottevaere, Heidi Meuret, Youri Thienpont, Hugo Vrije Univ Brussel Fac Engn Dept Appl Phys & Photon TONA Brussels Photon TeamB PHOT B-1050 Brussels Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Inspired by the natural compound eyes of insects, multichannel imaging systems embrace many channels that scramble their entire Field-Of-View (FOV). Our aim in this work was to attain multi-resolution capability into a multi-channel imaging system by manipulating the available channels to possess different imaging properties (focal length, angular resolution). We have designed a three-channel imaging system where the first and third channels have highest and lowest angular resolution of 0.0096 degrees and 0.078 degrees and narrowest and widest FOVs of 7 degrees and 80 degrees, respectively. The design of the channels has been done for a single wavelength of 587.6 nm using CODE V. The three channels each consist of 4 aspherical lens surfaces and an absorbing baffle that avoids crosstalk among the neighbouring channels. The aspherical lens surfaces have been fabricated in PMMA by ultra-precision diamond tooling and the baffles by metal additive manufacturing. The profiles of the fabricated lens surfaces have been measured with an accurate multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine and compared with the corresponding profiles of the designed lens surfaces. The fabricated lens profiles are then incorporated into CODE V to realistically model the three channels and also compare their performances with those of the nominal design. We can conclude that the performances of the two latter models are in a good agreement.

关键词： Multi-resolution imaging systems angular resolution multi-channel three-channel

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A framework of cloud supported collaborative design in glass lens moulds based on aspheric measurement

A framework of cloud supported collaborative design in glass...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Zhu, Yongjian Wang, Yu Na, Jingxin Zhi, Yanan Fan, Yufeng Jilin Univ State Key Lab Automot Simulat & Control Changchun 130025 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310023 Zhejiang Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Opt & Fine Mech Shanghai 201800 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Aspheric mould design includes the top-down design and reversal design. In this paper, a new framework of reversal design is proposed combining with cloud supported collaborative design (CSCD) based on aspheric measurement. The framework is a kind of collaborative platform, which is composed of eight modules, including the computerized aspheric precision measurement module (CAPM), computer-aided optical design of aspheric lens system (CAOD), computer-aided design of lens mould (CADLM), FEM(finite element method) simulation of lens molding module (FEMLM), computer-aided manufacture of lens & moulds (CAMLM), measurement data analysis module (MDAM), optical product lifecycle management module (OPLM) and cloud computing network module (CCNM). In this framework, the remote clients send an improved requirement or fabrication demand about optical lens system through CCNM, which transfers this signal to OPLM. In OPLM, one main server is in charge of the task distribution and collaborative work of other six modules. The first measurement data of aspheric lens are produced by clients or our proposed platform CAPM, then are sent to CAOD for optimization and the electronic drawings of lens moulds are generated in CADLM module. According the design drawings, the FEMLM could give the lens-molding simulation parameters through FEM software. The simulation data are used for the second design of moulds in CADLM module. In this case, the moulds could be fabricated in CAMLM by ultra-precision machine, and the aspheric lens could be also produced by lens-molding machine in CAMLM. At last, the final shape of aspheric lens could be measured in CAPM and the data analysis could be conducted in MDAM module. Through the proposed framework, all the work described above could be performed coordinately. And the optimum design data of lens mould could be realized and saved, then shared by all the work team.

关键词： aspheric measurement lens molding cloud supported collaborative design

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Further results in measuring water ice buildup on optical components in cryogenic vacuum chambers

Further results in measuring water ice buildup on optical co...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Moeller, Trevor M. Smith, L. Montgomery Collins, Frank G. Labello, Jesse M. Rogers, James P. Lowry, Heard S. Crider, Dustin H. Univ Tennessee Inst Space 411 BH Goethert Pkwy Tullahoma TN 37388 USA Arnold Engn Dev Complex Arnold AFB TN 37389 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Experiments presented in a previous paper(1) established proof-of-principle that water, the most prevalent contaminant in high-vacuum cryogenic systems, initially collects on the surfaces of optical components as a thin film of ice, and thus can be detected and its thickness measured via multiple-beam thin-film interference phenomena. In those earlier experiments, a molecular sieve zeolite in a canister external to a vacuum chamber served as a water source, while the buildup of ice was measured using a HeNe laser beam reflected off the surface of a mirror with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) used for verification of the mass accumulation. Additional experiments have improved upon the techniques used earlier and provided further insight into the ice accumulation process. Use of a shorter wavelength (450 nm) laser in conjunction with a first-surface gold mirror produced greater depth of modulation and thus increased signal-to-noise ratio in the light interference. Data reduction using cross-correlation analysis over single-period interference records provided more accuracy and precision in the ice thickness measurements. Ice buildup under varying pressure and temperature ranges established baseline conditions for transparent thin-film deposition, and the transition to ice fracture and specular reflection. These recent experiments have demonstrated that the optical monitoring of ice accumulation via multiple-beam interference is applicable over a wider range of mass and thicknesses than the conventionally-used QCM method.

关键词： Cryogenic contamination thin film interference

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Near-infrared imaging system for detecting small organic foreign substances in foods

Near-infrared imaging system for detecting small organic for...

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Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Tashima, Hiroto Genta, Tsuneaki Ishii, Yuya Ishiyama, Takeshi Arai, Shinichi Fukuda, Mitsuo Toyohashi Univ Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Toyohashi Aichi 4418580 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Contamination of foodstuffs with foreign substances is a serious problem because it often has negative effects on consumer health. However, detection of small organic substances in foods can be difficult because they are undetectable with traditional inspection apparatus. In this work, we developed new equipment that can detect small organic contaminant substances in food at high speed using a near-infrared (NIR) imaging technique. The absorption spectra of various foods were measured, and the spectra showed low absorbance at wavelengths from 600 nm to 1150 nm. Based on the observable wavelength range of a CMOS camera, which has a high dynamic range, superluminescent diodes (SLDs) with a wavelength of 830 nm were selected as light sources. We arranged 40 SLDs on a flat panel and placed a diffusion panel over them. As a result, uniformly distributed light with an intensity of 0.26 mW/cm(2) illuminated an area of 6.0 cm x 6.0 cm. Insects (3 mm wide) and hairs (0.1 mm in diameter) were embedded in stacked ham slices and in chocolate, with a total thickness of 5 mm in each case, and the transmission images were observed. Both insects and hairs were clearly observed as dark shadows with high contrast. We also compensated the images by using software developed in this study to eliminate low spatial frequency components in the images and improve the sharpness and contrast. As a result, the foreign substances were more clearly distinguished in the 5-mm-thick ham.

关键词： NIR imaging optical equipment food detection foreign substance safety spatial frequency filter

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design and Analyze of optical System for High-Speed Three-Channel Framing Camera

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2nd International Conference on Mechatronics and Control engineering (ICMCE 2013)

作者： Liu, Chunyu Xu, Tuoqi Xu, Zhen Chinese Acad Sci Changchun Inst Opt Fine Mech & Phys Natl & Local United Engn Res Ctr Small Satellite Changchun 130033 Jilin Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783037858943

High-speed multi-frame camera has been widely used for time-resolved measurement of electron beam parameters (especially for high energy and high current beam) for its fast response and high resolution. According to the requirements of a electron beam observation experiment, a three-channel framing camera optical system is designed. The system has 300mm focal length, 2.5 F-#, 2001p/mm resolution. To validate the design results, visual microscope and magnify methods are used to test the consistency of image quality of three image planes. Test results show that the system fully meet the design requirements.

关键词： Multi-frame camera three-channel framing camera Beam-splitting Prism optical Splitting system

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Recent developments with a prototype fan-beam optical CT scanner

Recent developments with a prototype fan-beam optical CT sca...

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7th International Conference on 3D Radiation Dosimetry (IC3DDose)

作者： Campbell, W. G. Jirasek, A. Wells, D. Univ Victoria Dept Phys & Astron Victoria BC Canada BC Canc Agcy Vancouverisland Ctr Victoria BC Canada

The latest design of a prototype fan-beam optical computed tomography scanner is presented. A new beam creation system consists of a 635 nm laser diode module with variable, DC voltage-controlled beam intensity. A change in scanner alignment allows for the elimination of ring artefacts caused by data corruption that is spaced symmetrically across the detector array. These artefacts, as well as a pair of streaking artefacts caused by flask seams, are removed in sinogram space. A flask registration technique has been developed that allows for accurate, reproducible dosimeter placement. Protocol investigations with gel dosimeters have indicated the importance of: i) proper cooling techniques during gel manufacture, and ii) scanning the dosimeter while it is at room temperature. Latest reconstructions of a normoxic polymer gel dosimeter are presented as an indicator of current system performance.

关键词： Dosimeters

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