A pupil engineered with a polarization vortex can have a profound impact on certain classes of optical systems. This paper describes the recent history, ongoing activity, and applications of polarization vortices in o...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
A pupil engineered with a polarization vortex can have a profound impact on certain classes of optical systems. This paper describes the recent history, ongoing activity, and applications of polarization vortices in optical system design, with special attention to the impact of a vortex filter placed in the pupil of an illumination system. Two systems of particular interest for these types of fields are confocal microscopy, in which a dark field imaging mode is accessible, and immersion lithography, in which azimuthal illumination is favored.
Studies on adaptive lenses, which are formed of two transparent elastic surfaces and have a transparent liquid medium between them, have focused mostly on the characterization, analysis and optical performance of the ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Studies on adaptive lenses, which are formed of two transparent elastic surfaces and have a transparent liquid medium between them, have focused mostly on the characterization, analysis and optical performance of the proposed lenses. No attention, however, has been given to the mechanical design that would allow the conception of a user-friendly functional mounting that is adaptable to conventional optical systems. This work, therefore, presents the design and manufacturing processes of the mounting for a 20 mm diameter biconvex adaptive lens. It also presents an analysis of the membranes used as elastic surfaces and the images formation of the proposed lens.
Saddle-point construction (SPC) is a new method to insert lenses into an existing design. With SPC, by inserting and extracting, lenses new system shapes can be obtained very rapidly, and we believe that, if added to ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Saddle-point construction (SPC) is a new method to insert lenses into an existing design. With SPC, by inserting and extracting, lenses new system shapes can be obtained very rapidly, and we believe that, if added to the opticaldesigner's arsenal, this new tool can significantly increase design productivity in certain situations. Despite the fact that the theory behind SPC contains mathematical concepts that are still unfamiliar to many opticaldesigners, the practical implementation of the method is actually very easy and the method can be fully integrated with all other traditional design tools. In this work we will illustrate the use of SPC with examples that are very simple and illustrate the essence of the method. The method can be used essentially in the same way even for very complex systems with a large number of variables, in situations where other methods for obtaining new system shapes do not work so well.
We celebrate the two hundred years of successful use of the Fourier theorem in optics. However, there is a great enigma associated with the Fourier transform integral. It is one of the most pervasively productive and ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
We celebrate the two hundred years of successful use of the Fourier theorem in optics. However, there is a great enigma associated with the Fourier transform integral. It is one of the most pervasively productive and useful tool of physics and optics because its foundation is based on the superposition of harmonic functions and yet we have never declared it as a principle of physics for valid reasons. And, yet there are a good number of situations where we pretend it to be equivalent to the superposition principle of physics, creating epistemological problems of enormous magnitude. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the problems while underscoring the successes and the elegance of the Fourier theorem, which are not explicitly discussed in the literature. We will make our point by taking six major engineering fields of optics and show in each case why it works and under what restricted conditions by bringing in the relevant physics principles. The fields are (i) optical signal processing, (ii) Fourier transform spectrometry, (iii) classical spectrometry of pulsed light, (iv) coherence theory, (v) laser mode locking and (vi) pulse broadening. We underscore that mathematical Fourier frequencies, not being physical frequencies, cannot generate real physical effects on our detectors. Appreciation of this fundamental issue will open up ways to be innovative in many new optical instrument designs. We underscore the importance of always validating our design platforms based on valid physics principles (actual processes undergoing in nature) captured by an appropriate hypothesis based on diverse observations. This paper is a comprehensive view of the power and limitations of Fourier Transform by summarizing a series of SPIE conference papers presented during 2003-2007.
Here, we consider one of the most important problems related to optimizing the performance data of a new acousto-optical spectrometer for the analysis of radio-astronomical signals. The main attention is paid to estim...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Here, we consider one of the most important problems related to optimizing the performance data of a new acousto-optical spectrometer for the analysis of radio-astronomical signals. The main attention is paid to estimating two factors governing the dynamic range of that spectrometer. At first, we determine the influence of the acoustic attenuation along a large-aperture acousto-optical cell on potential levels of lobes in focal plane of the integrating lens and then describe capabilities of the incident light beam apodization for increasing the dynamic range of spectrometer. These studies lie in a line with the program of developing metrological equipment for Mexican Large Millimeter Telescope.
To analyze ghost effects in optical systems including decentred coatings with thickness variations, polarized light and interactions with object and image planes is a difficult task. Thanks to a battery of tools espec...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
To analyze ghost effects in optical systems including decentred coatings with thickness variations, polarized light and interactions with object and image planes is a difficult task. Thanks to a battery of tools especially developed in the last ten years and applied to many different situations, it is possible to do such jobs in a quick and elegant manner. As an example, we shall consider optical relay lenses used for photolithography. The object plane is the reticle;The image plane is the wafer.
We propose a novel method to correct the spherical and coma aberration using a hybrid element (refractive-diffractive). The refractive surface is used to correct the coma, we obtain this condition curving the second p...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
We propose a novel method to correct the spherical and coma aberration using a hybrid element (refractive-diffractive). The refractive surface is used to correct the coma, we obtain this condition curving the second principal plane and centred it on the axial point image. The diffractive element is used to correct the spherical aberration using an exact ray trace and the diffractive coefficients as variables. The optimization routine is no required. This method can be used for any conjugates position.
Some all-spherical designs are presented that are variations of the positive-negative-positive triplet with the stop at the front. Examples include a compact wide angle (60° field of view) near-telecentric lens, ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Some all-spherical designs are presented that are variations of the positive-negative-positive triplet with the stop at the front. Examples include a compact wide angle (60° field of view) near-telecentric lens, as well as super-achromatic, telecentric lenses for the visible to infrared (450-1000nm or 450-2300 nm) and mid-wave and thermal infrared. This design form, loosely thought of as a boosted version of the rear landscape lens, has provided a useful optimization starting point for a variety of designs with different requirements.
This research proposes a newly developed method to high zoom lens for mobile phone use, which the overall length is restricted in mobile phone size acceptable. Generally speaking, the opticaldesign with liquid lens m...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
This research proposes a newly developed method to high zoom lens for mobile phone use, which the overall length is restricted in mobile phone size acceptable. Generally speaking, the opticaldesign with liquid lens might be more complicated in optimization than traditional optics;not only because aspherical coefficient in liquid lens element is difficult to be defined and measured, but also because efficient optics layout needs more efforts to study in the near future. The paper mainly utilizes liquid lens in order to short total length;two liquid lens elements must be included. Besides consider total length, Lateral aberration also is very important. Lateral aberration will play a significant role in the Modulation Transfer function (MTF), so, the opticaldesign will be able to arise very big, and that the many kinds of chromatics aberration with two groups of liquid lens. Using Digital Signal Processing technology principal factor why this also is.
Although hybrid (i.e. refractive-diffractive) surfaces are in common use in opticaldesign there are several phenomena which affect design MTF that are not routinely modeled in current commercial versions of optical d...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780819468154
Although hybrid (i.e. refractive-diffractive) surfaces are in common use in opticaldesign there are several phenomena which affect design MTF that are not routinely modeled in current commercial versions of optical desig,n software. Typically the details of the diffractive structure are not taken into account and rays are traced through the hybrid surface employing a vector grating equation which uses the phase gradient associated with the diffractive definition to calculate a local grating spacing and orientation and from this grating information a 'diffracted ray' angle. This geometrical-optics based procedure has limitations;(I)it considers only the design diffraction order, (2)it does not take into account the sub-aperturing effect whereby color correction is reduced along, with zone count, and (3) the model used does not generate an exact blaze profile. In this paper we discuss progress in application of diffraction-based beam propagation tools in combination with a physical definition of the diffractive structure to more accurately model these secondary effects on design MTF. Results are given for some simple lenses and also the effects to be expected for a more complex zoom lens.
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