In this paper I will describe some of the properties that govern retarders made of uni-axial birefrigent materials, and discuss how to optimize wide field of view superachromatic retarders using commercially available...
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In this paper I will describe some of the properties that govern retarders made of uni-axial birefrigent materials, and discuss how to optimize wide field of view superachromatic retarders using commercially available software. To demonstrate the technique, examples of half wave plates are shown, that achieve maximum 0.04 waves of retardance deviation over the wavelength range 300 nm to 1100 nm having a field of view +/-10 degrees.
Several small-field catadioptric opticaldesigns have been developed over the last decade to meet the demanding needs from lithographers. design solutions that use a multi-function component can provide nearly perfect...
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Several small-field catadioptric opticaldesigns have been developed over the last decade to meet the demanding needs from lithographers. design solutions that use a multi-function component can provide nearly perfect wavefront correction for optical systems with broad bandwidth sources, such as free running (un-narrowed) excimer lasers operating at wavelengths below 300 nm, with limited choices of optical materials with high transmission at these wavelengths. From these catadioptric design forms, variations have been developed to accommodate changes in wavelength, increases in the numerical aperture and conversion of the imaging medium from nitrogen to ultra-high purity water and other high index fluids for immersion lithography applications. Some designs also address the need for increased working distance. This paper will discuss the use of multi-function components, the evolution of several design forms, the optical materials required, their benefits for specific applications, and the challenges they have created.
Freeform optical surfaces are defined as any non-rotationally symmetric surface or a symmetric surface that is rotated about any axis that is not its axis of symmetry. These surfaces offer added degrees of freedom tha...
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Freeform optical surfaces are defined as any non-rotationally symmetric surface or a symmetric surface that is rotated about any axis that is not its axis of symmetry. These surfaces offer added degrees of freedom that can lead to lower wavefront error and smaller system size as compared to rotationally symmetric surfaces. Unfortunately, freeform optics are viewed by many designers as more difficult and expensive to manufacture than rotationally symmetric optical surfaces. For some freeform surfaces this is true, but a designer has little or no feedback to quantify the degree of difficulty for manufacturing a surface. This paper describes a joint effort by optical Research Associates (ORA) and the Precision engineering Center (PEC) at North Carolina State University to integrate metrics related to the cost and difficulty of manufacturing a surface into the merit function that is used during the design of an optical system using Code V®. By incorporating such information into the merit function, it is possible to balance optical performance and manufacturability early in the design process.
Nowadays opticaldesign for microscopes encloses besides the classical approach many new ideas like implementation of new optical elements, the consideration of physical effects or digital image processing. All these ...
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Nowadays opticaldesign for microscopes encloses besides the classical approach many new ideas like implementation of new optical elements, the consideration of physical effects or digital image processing. All these things play an important role during the development of microscopes and microscopic components at Carl Zeiss. In this paper we present examples of the classical approach starting with the imaging theory of Ernst Abbe as well as the non-classical approach ranging from microscopic objectives with diffractive optical elements over the implementation of the propagation theory of short-time laser pulses in opticaldesign software to digital image restoration and phase measurement.
This paper presents the design, fabrication process, and performance evaluation of a two-dimensional hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) n-i-p photodiode array, developed specifically for low-level light sensor ap...
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This paper presents the design, fabrication process, and performance evaluation of a two-dimensional hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) n-i-p photodiode array, developed specifically for low-level light sensor applications. The design of the device is simpler than conventional active-matrix-arrays based on thin-film transistor (TFT) addressing electronics, owing to the utilization of the a-Si:H switching diodes for signal readout. The discussed technological developments are aimed to minimize the leakage current and to enhance the external quantum efficiency. The current-voltage characteristics of the sensing and switching diodes are analyzed to identify the sources of the excess leakage current. The optical losses in the photodiodes with an ITO/a-SiNx:H antireffection coating have been minimized using numerical modeling. Description of the peripheral electronics and associated timing diagrams along with the results of the detector characterization, including the linearity and response time measurements, are presented and discussed.
In this paper we present the fabrication of optical mode field adaptors for fiber optical communications devices in combination with a new method for spot size measurement for single mode optical components. At the en...
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In this paper we present the fabrication of optical mode field adaptors for fiber optical communications devices in combination with a new method for spot size measurement for single mode optical components. At the end of standard single mode fibers we have manufactured reproducible mode field transformers with diameters from 5 μm to 90 μm. Additionally, we present a new planar optical field characterization method. BPM simulations are performed to predict the spot sizes at different fiber end diameters. Based on the measurement of a singlemode fiber in accordance with ITU Recommendation G.652 the efficiency is demonstrated and discussed.
New technologies for the fabrication of aspheres have increased opportunities for using aspheres in a wider range of optical systems. If manufacturability is considered early in the opticaldesign process, the short a...
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New technologies for the fabrication of aspheres have increased opportunities for using aspheres in a wider range of optical systems. If manufacturability is considered early in the opticaldesign process, the short and long term costs of the aspheric surface can be greatly reduced without sacrificing performance. The opticaldesigner must learn how to select optimum materials for aspheres. Using non-staining glasses, higher index glass types, and softer glass types can help reduce production costs. If the opticaldesigner understands what range of aspheric surfaces can be manufactured, they can constrain the aspheric surface during optimization. The steepness of the aspheric departure (the slope of the aspheric departure) often has a larger impact on manufacturing difficulty than the amplitude of the asphere or the steepness of the base radius. Tolerancing can increase the difficulty without measurably improving optical performance. Finally, the asphere can be designed for ease of metrology. Understanding the options that are available for aspheric metrology will allow the engineer to control tooling and fixturing that is required for testing.
We obtained novel analytic expressions which permit us to realize the opticaldesign of any thick lens, this analysis include both first and exact order design. We employ the conic constant of the first surface to cor...
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We obtained novel analytic expressions which permit us to realize the opticaldesign of any thick lens, this analysis include both first and exact order design. We employ the conic constant of the first surface to correct the marginal spherical aberration. We analyzed both finite and infinite conjugates cases. Examples done with our methodology also show good agreement with commercial opticaldesign programs.
A historical collection of Corning Tropel optical systems was analyzed with the primary goal of organizing and archiving the designs in a searchable computer database. The analysis of these systems was two-fold: the s...
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A historical collection of Corning Tropel optical systems was analyzed with the primary goal of organizing and archiving the designs in a searchable computer database. The analysis of these systems was two-fold: the system data and documented design procedure were examined from both a technical as well as a historical viewpoint. Items of historical interest included letters and handwritten comments from various well-known designers, computer print outs from early lens design programs, and aberration plots and pictures of the system drawn painstakingly by hand. The technical analysis involved entering the system data into a modern day computer analysis package (CODE V) and comparing the performance (in the form of MTFs, field and distortion curves, etc.) with the original performance claimed by each system. One of the most significant findings was the ability to consistently replace obsolete glasses with current glasses, without sacrificing performance. In some cases, it was even possible to reoptimize the system and improve the performance.
A novel method for the fabrication of continuous micro-optical components is presented in this paper. It employs a computer controlled spatial-light-modulator (SLM) as a switchable projection mask and silver-halide se...
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A novel method for the fabrication of continuous micro-optical components is presented in this paper. It employs a computer controlled spatial-light-modulator (SLM) as a switchable projection mask and silver-halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) as recording material. By etching SHSG with enzyme solution, the micro-optical components with relief modulation can be generated through special processing procedures. The principles of digital SLM-based lithography and enzyme etching SHSG are discussed in detail, and microlens arrays, micro axicon-lens arrays and gratings with good profile were achieved. This method is simple, cheap and the aberration in processing procedures can be in-situ corrected in the step of designing mask, so it is a practical method to fabricate continuous profile for low-volume production.
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