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optical examination of cell culture in bioreactors creating simulated in vivo conditions

Optical examination of cell culture in bioreactors creating ...

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Conference on Optics in Health Care and Biomedical Optics

作者： Rolfe, P Univ Genoa DIST I-16145 Genoa Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819455857

Cell culture using bioreactors is a vital part of Cellular and Tissue engineering. Bioreactor design continues to advance, in order to allow control over physical and chemical parameters as well as continuous assessment of cell behaviour, gene expression, and tissue formation and growth. Measurement or monitoring of many such parameters or features can be achieved with optical techniques. The current aim of cell culture is to re-create in vivo conditions and in order to achieve this control of the chemical environment is required and some cell types must be subjected to shear stress and/or axial loads. For creating tissue engineered cartilage chondrocytes are cultured within a biodegradable scaffold. Influences of cyclic loading and of oxygen supply on phenotype are studied. Vascular endothelial cells are subjected to fluid shear stress and the influence on prostacyclin production is measured. optical interrogation of culture fluid, attached cells, cells in suspension and tissue constructs is carried out using a combination of spectrophotometry, analysis of scattering, and chemical sensing. Insertion of sensing probes within the culture vessel presents problems of protein adsorption to sensing surfaces. Approaches based on cell membrane mimicry are being evaluated for their potential to overcome this problem. Sensors based on immobilised fluorophores and chromaphores within either wall-mounted membranes or within optical fibres are assessed. Culture fluid turbidity is evaluated with scattering determinations and circulating glucose concentration is measured spectrophotometrically. Formed tissue is interrogated with NIR radiation and in the future will include the use of OCT.

关键词： bioreactor cellular and tissue engineering optical sensors cell and tissue optics cartilage chondrocyte vascular endothelial cell NIRS invasive and non-invasive optical sensors

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An analysis on high-speed magneto-optic switch

An analysis on high-speed magneto-optic switch

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Conference on Passive Components and Fiber-Based Devices ii

作者： Zhu, Y Weng, ZH Chen, ZM Xiamen Univ Dept Mech & Elect Engn Xiamen 361005 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)0819460508

Magneto-optic switch has been widely researched due to its capabilities handling large beam cross sections, operating at low voltages, featured as low insertion loss and intrinsic non-reciprocity. However, the switching speed is rather slow: switching time of available magneto-optics switches are of hundreds microseconds. Previously, we developed a novel type high speed magneto-optic switch based on Faraday rotation effect of light in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG). The switch shows its good performance and high reliabilities. However, it had some disadvantages: 1) Although it was polarization independently designed for the insertion loss, some dependence about 0.5dB was observed due to the components' misalignments since it has many components and adjustment points;2) Faraday rotator assembly designed by using double YIG rods with diameter 3 mm require much higher switching current to rotate the light by 90 degrees. And the heat generated when operating may also affect the YIG performance. 3) The narrow and sharp pulse width of nanosecond trigger impulse signal generated with short duration can't accumulate the high speed switching magnetic field large enough to drive the YIG reach saturation magnetic field within a trigger period. In this paper, we mainly devote to design an improved switch featured as compact optical route, much more effective Faraday rotator assembly and nanosecond trigger impulse signal with wider pulse width.

关键词： magneto-optic magneto-optic switch Faraday Rotation Effect All optical Network (AON)

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New developments in active and passive 3D image sensing, visualization, and processing

New developments in active and passive 3D image sensing, vis...

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Unmanned/Unattended Sensors and Sensor Networks ii

作者： Javidi, Bahram Tajahuerce, Enrique Martínez-Corral, Manuel Naughton, Thomas J. Frauel, Yann Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269-2157 United States Departament de Ciències Experimentals Universitat Jaume I 12080 Castellón Spain Departamento de Óptica Universidad de Valencia 46100 Burjassot Spain Department of Computer Science National University of Ireland/Maynooth Maynooth County Kildare Ireland IIMAS Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 01000 México D.F. Mexico

We review two different techniques for visualization and processing of three-dimensional (3D) objects based on passive and active optical sensing. First, we describe the basis of a passive-sensing technique based on integral imaging. Also, we show that it is possible to improve the depth of field of this method by using amplitude-modulated microlens arrays. Second, we describe an active-sensing technique based on digital holography. Finally, we apply both techniques to develop 3D image processing applications. In particular, we design two different 3D pattern recognition techniques. Both of them are based in storing the 3D data in two-dimensional (2D) form. In this way, it is possible to recognize 3D objects by performing 2D correlations or applying neural network techniques. Experimental results are presented.

关键词： Imaging techniques

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A concept for fault tolerant design and improved availability of active composite elastic structures

A concept for fault tolerant design and improved availabilit...

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Smart Structures and Materials 2005 Conference

作者： Söffker, D Wolters, K Krajcin, I Univ Duisburg Gesamthsch Fac Engn Chair Dynam & Control D-4100 Duisburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819457450

New functionalities, higher comfort and increasing performance requirements are often be solved by adding new technologies to existing (passive) solutions. Monitoring and control approaches uses additional sensors and actuators, new materials, microprocessors and new devices realizing new and improved functionalities. Two effects are becoming more and more interesting: i) the lifetime of new actuators / materials strongly depends on the usage-history, ii) the functionality of the new composed systems depends on the fully functionality of all elements. In the consequence, the availability of such new systems is decreased by the number of elements and depends strongly on the use. These effects are known and act against new developments improving performance behavior also in mechanical engineering, automotive systems etc. This will be also the case for multifunctional composite or compound systems such as piezomaterials, magnetostrictive alloys or smart memory alloys (SMA) and is actually within the focus of the Structural-Health-Monitoring (SHM)-community. This contribution explains a new and systematically structured methodological approach to avoid and eliminate failures in mechatronical. systems in an integrated and intelligent way to achieve a desirable or required amount of utilization in compliance with a defined failure rate. The result is an enhancement of the dependability of such a system.

关键词： flexible structures model-based fault detection structural-health-monitoring reliability engineering

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design elements of porous silicon ominidirectional mirrors

Design elements of porous silicon ominidirectional mirrors

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Advances in optical Thin Films ii

作者： Xifré-Pérez, E. Ferré-Borrull, J. Pallarès, J. Marsal, L.F. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica Elèctrica i Automàtica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Av. Països Catalans 26 43007 Tarragona

Omnidirectional mirrors are multilayer periodic structures that reflect light in a wide range of wavelengths for all angles of incidence and for all polarizations of the incident light. These structures can be made using the porous silicon technology: the layers are electrochemically etched to have different porosities, corresponding to different refractive indices. Since the porosity depends on the current density of the electrochemical etching process, the layers may have any refractive index value from 1.2 to 2.7. In opposition to classical evaporated thin films where the refractive indices are fixed, this offers a new degree of freedom in the design of such structures. In this work, the four main parameters of a basic omnidirectional mirror (refractive index of the two kinds of layers and their optical thicknesses) are analyzed to find the condition to obtain the maximum width of the omnidirectional reflection band. The analysis is made using the framwork of the Photonic Band Gap materials and considering the omnidirectional mirrors as 1-D Photonic Crystals.

关键词： Mirrors

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design of readout circuit with noise tolerant edge detection for an InSb MWIR detector

Design of readout circuit with noise tolerant edge detection...

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Electro-optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications ii

作者： Kim, Chul Bum Woo, Doo Hyung Lee, Yong Soo Lee, Hee Chul Division of EE Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KAIST

In this paper, a readout circuit (ROIC) utilizing a novel noise tolerant edge detection technique for InSb medium wavelength infrared focal plane arrays (MWIR FPAs) is studied. The use of a noise tolerant edge detection algorithm eliminates the need for a pixel-level non-uniformity correction circuit. In addition, the proposed circuit's simple structure allows the processing circuits to be integrated within a shared 2 by 2 pixel area. The proposed method shows better performance for the Gaussian and salt & pepper noise than other conventional approaches. A good edge map is obtained in general InSb MWIR detectors which have 99.5% operability and about 5% non-uniformity of the pixel current. Basic operation of the fabricated noise tolerant edge detection circuit is demonstrated.

关键词： Radiation detectors

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Hybrid data mining and type ii fuzzy system approach for surface finish from the perspective of E-Manufacturing

Hybrid data mining and type II fuzzy system approach for sur...

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Intelligent Systems in design and Manufacturing VI

作者： Tseng, Tzu-Liang Kwon, Yongjin Ho, Johnny Jiang, Fuhua Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX 79968 United States Department of Information and Decision Sciences University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX 79968 United States Applied Engineering Technology Goodwin College of Professional Studies Drexel University Philadelphia PA 19104 United States Department of Computer Science Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 United States

The current trends in industry include integration of an information and knowledge base network with a manufacturing system, which coined a new term, E-Manufacturing. From the perspective of E-Manufacturing, any production equipment and its control functions do not exist alone, but become a part of the holistic operation system with distant monitoring and fault diagnostic capabilities. The key to this new paradigm is the accessibility to a remotely located system and having the means of responding to a changing environment. In this study, a new methodology in predicting a system output has been investigated by applying a data mining technique and a hybrid type ii fuzzy system in CMC turning operations. The purpose was to generate a supplemental control function under the dynamic machining environment, where unforeseeable changes may occur frequently. Two different types of membership functions were developed for the fuzzy logic systems and also by combining the two types, a hybrid system was generated. Genetic algorithm was used for fuzzy adaptation in the control system. Fuzzy rules are automatically modified in the process of genetic algorithm training. The computational results showed that the hybrid system with a genetic adaptation generated a far better accuracy. The hybrid fuzzy system with genetic algorithm training demonstrated more effective prediction capability and a strong potential for the implementation into existing control functions.

关键词： Data mining

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Proceedings of SPIE - Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems ii - Part One of Two Parts

Proceedings of SPIE - Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems...

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Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems ii

The proceedings contain 49 papers from the Proceedings of SPIE - Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems ii - Part One of Two Parts. The topics discussed include: biological path to nanoelectronics devices;recent developments in smart structures and MEMS in India: fruits of national initiatives;MEMS startups: disruptive technology and business do's and don'ts;field-induced THz wave emission with nanometer resolution;optimization of integrated antennas for wireless sensor networks;microstrip broadband phased array elements;optimised implementation of a matched filter bank for ultrawideband radios;a design methodology for a very low noise figure common-source LNA;and analog-to-digital conversion using suprathreshold stochastic resonance.

关键词： Microelectromechanical devices

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The growing importance of computations in materials science: current capabilities and perspectives

The growing importance of computations in materials science:...

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作者： Wimmer, Erich Materials Design 44 avenue F.-A. Bartholdi Le Mans 72000 France

Materials scientists are facing unprecedented challenges in a large number of areas including energy storage, microelectronics, display technologies, catalysis, and environmental degradation of structural materials, Advances in experimental methods, for example the use of synchrotron light sources and high-throughput synthesis produce massive amounts of data, which need to be interpreted. At the same time, new computational methods are being developed and the efficiency of computer hardware and software continues to increase rapidly. As a result, the importance of computational materials science is growing. Computations serve three major objectives: (i) they provide insight and allow the interpretation of experimental data, (ii) they offer guidance for new experimental efforts by computational prescreening, and (iii) they allow the prediction of materials properties, which may be difficult or even impossible to measure directly. As illustrative cases, this lecture will focus on the areas of energy storage, notably hydrogen storage materials, the environmental degradation of structural materials, microelectronic materials, and catalysis. With the calculation of phonon dispersions, which has now become possible on a routine basis for large structures, temperature dependent thermodynamic functions can be evaluated systematically. Recent results, especially for metal-hydrogen systems reveal that the electronic total energy, even if calculated at a high level of accuracy, might be insufficient to make quantitative predictions of actually measurable properties such as formation and reaction enthalpies. A critical assessment will be provided of the current capabilities of predicting structural, thermomechanical, electronic, optical, and magnetic materials properties. A perspective on current and future scientific developments, their priorities and their impact on academic and industrial research strategies will conclude this contribution.

关键词： Materials science

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Vista Sabre ii: Integration of helmet-mounted tracker/display and high off-boresight missile seeker into F-15 aircraft

Vista Sabre II: Integration of helmet-mounted tracker/displa...

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Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays and Symbology design Requirements

作者： Merryman, Ronald F. K. Armstrong Laboratory Human Engineering Division WPAFB OH 45433 United States

Future air battles will increasingly rely on aircraft capable of directing their advanced weapons with greater accuracy and at larger off-boresight angles. Analysis of current threats indicate that potential adversaries include this enhanced technology in their aircraft today. Helmet-mounted Tracker/Displays (HMT/D) provide a ready and capable response to that threat. These pilot-friendly systems allow the pilot to lock-on to targets and fire missiles at much greater angles than normally allowed in the head up display (HUD). Vista Sabre ii is a Congressionally mandated Special Project to evaluate a helmet-mounted display in an operational environment. The program effort involves the installation of two helmet-mounted tracker/display systems on two operational F-15C aircraft for demonstrating the capabilities of this technology in air-to-air combat. The system will provide the pilot with weapon status, targeting information, and other important, time critical, information necessary for effective air-to-air engagements at any head orientation without having to look into the cockpit or through the head up display (HUD). Also integrated into the system is a Navy high off-boresight missile seeker (HOBS) with extended range capability to track targets at high angles off the aircraft's boresight. The helmet display and HOBS will help the pilot lock a missile faster and simulate the missile launch. During the period of demonstration flights, the system will be evaluated through all aspects of the close-in, visual air-to-air combat arena, as well as investigating the human factors issues unique to helmet-mounted systems.

关键词： Helmet mounted displays

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