The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instrument is due to be installed on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1997. STIS uses 20 filters located on a wheel that can rotate any one of 88 apertures or c...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instrument is due to be installed on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1997. STIS uses 20 filters located on a wheel that can rotate any one of 88 apertures or combination filter/aperture into the beam path. The instrument incorporates a continuous range of spectral response from the VUV (115.0 nm) to 1 um. Therefore, filters that perform in the VUV are discussed as well as filters that operate in the near infrared. Neutral density filters are also being used for on-board calibration from 300 nm to Lyman-Alpha (121.6 nm).
A special surface geometry of diffractive Fresnel-lenses, which is well adapted to the kartesian working regime of most microlithographic machines, is presented in this paper. Due to this adaption the amount of data n...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
A special surface geometry of diffractive Fresnel-lenses, which is well adapted to the kartesian working regime of most microlithographic machines, is presented in this paper. Due to this adaption the amount of data neccessary for the description of the exposure and also the exposure-time decreases drastically and so the realization of large area diffractive lenses and lens-arrays became possible. In this paper we compare the modified lens-geometry with the common radially symmetrical diffractive Fresnel-lens and we show some experimental results which we obtained for a lens realized by electron-beam lithography.
The design of a compact contact microscope, which can be used in-vivo to study the cataracts in human eyes is presented. This microscope has the capability to evaluate the changes in the optical density within the eye...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
The design of a compact contact microscope, which can be used in-vivo to study the cataracts in human eyes is presented. This microscope has the capability to evaluate the changes in the optical density within the eye lens itself, and thus enabling an examiner to ascertain the progression of a cataractous change or at least the optical changes associated with cataractous development. The microscope has a variable focal length so it can be focused at any depth through the entire thickness of the eye lens. A separate small objective lens is spring loaded against the cornea (like a tonometer tip) so that the natural eye movements can occur safely during the examination. The distance between the objective lens and rest of the optics is variable to accommodate the movements of the eye due to pulse or breathing without affecting the image quality of the instrument. The layer by layer images can be captured on a CCD camera and stored in the computer. The reconstruction software can quantitatively display the characteristics of the cataracts, such as the location, size, and density. The opticaldesign and performance results for the microscope are presented. The optomechanical design features of the microscope are also discussed.
High performance infrared opticaldesigns require careful tolerancing to ensure that the as built performance meets the system requirements. Using modem opticaldesign programs a wide variety of single element and gro...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
High performance infrared opticaldesigns require careful tolerancing to ensure that the as built performance meets the system requirements. Using modem opticaldesign programs a wide variety of single element and group tolerances can be defined and statistical analysis employed to formulate a prediction of the as built performance. When the number of units being produced is small or near diffraction limited performance is required, then a worst case analysis is often employed to generate a more accurate prediction. However, in some situations, such as low F/number lenses, certain effects that may be important are not always adequately addressed by first order tolerance analysis. This paper reviews one such effect;zonal irregularity or slope errors. To quantify the impact of zonal irregularity on the MTF performance of an infrared lens, detailed comparisons are made between measured and predicted performance. Interferometric analysis of the lens element irregularity is incorporated within the design to predict the as built lens line spread function.
This paper describes a real time optimization method for optical systems. We examine the features of the Global-Opt optical ray tracing program, which has been developed to provide the optical engineer with interactiv...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
This paper describes a real time optimization method for optical systems. We examine the features of the Global-Opt optical ray tracing program, which has been developed to provide the optical engineer with interactive optimization capabilities. We illustrate the programs main features through the results of design study into a an F/1.0 camera for use in a planned Astronomical spectrograph This instrument is the High Resolution optical Spectrograph (HROS), which is part of the international Gemini project to build twin 8m aperture telescopes towards the end of the decade. The Global-Opt program allows the optical engineer to ray trace, in batch mode, up to 1 million optical systems over a period of several hours. Once complete, the engineer can explore the properties (i.e. aberrations) of these million systems in real time in order to locate the most suitable one for a particular task This is achieved by transferring the multi-dimensional optimization problem into 3 spatial dimensions in which all the aberrations and variable parameters are represented in a 'landscape' visualization. The user is then able to interact with these moving visualizations in order to attempt system optimization. Animation of these visualizations helps the user identify any features present, which directly represent specific attributes of the design form under investigation. We have noted that these moving features resemble water waves, hence the interactive optimization process described here is made analogous to 'surfing'.
An optical method for the determination of high spatial frequency grating profiles with visible light is presented. The theoretical background is the Effective Medium Theory. By using an optical surface profiler, the ...
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A reflected-light confocal scanning optical microscope with circular scan line is described. For the horizontal scanning, the instrument uses a rotating dispersive prism embedded at the tip of a hollow motor shaft. Th...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
A reflected-light confocal scanning optical microscope with circular scan line is described. For the horizontal scanning, the instrument uses a rotating dispersive prism embedded at the tip of a hollow motor shaft. The rotating hollow motor shaft accepts a polarized collimated laser beam and transforms it into a rotating beam, with a cone-shaped trajectory, on its exit from the prism. The rotating beam then passes through an inverted telescope and a quarter-wave plate before it is focused onto the specimen plane by a conventional microscope objective. To improve upon the ranging accuracy, a telecentric scan is maintained throughout the scan. The reflected light travels back through the same components until it is redirected by a beam splitter to pass through an analyzer and a pinhole before arriving at the detector. The use of the same optics for both illumination and imaging automatically satisfies the confocal requirement, and eliminates the need for a synchronizing mechanism. Also, the use of a rotating prism renders the system completely insensitive (for all practical purposes) to motor wobble.
Beamsplitter is one kind of optical element or apparatus which change one light beam into two or more light beams, and it has been widely used in optical technique. We have ever introduced a series ordinary beamsplitt...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
Beamsplitter is one kind of optical element or apparatus which change one light beam into two or more light beams, and it has been widely used in optical technique. We have ever introduced a series ordinary beamsplitter made by using birefringent crystal. In this article we will introduce a series new type beamsplitter, that is adjustable displacement parallel beamsplitter. We can change one light beam into two parallel light beams, and the displacement between the two parallel light beams can be adjusted by using this type beamsplitter. According to the property of the two parallel light beams, the beamspliter can be divided into two kinds. The first dind, the two light beams both are polarization light beams;the second kind, the two light beams both are nonpolarization light beams. We have discussed their structure character, working principle and using specification in this article.
A system of three identical CCD-cameras was developed enabling stereoscopic auroral observations. An image intensifier allows for real-time imaging of auroral arcs with interference or broad-band filters. The combinat...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
A system of three identical CCD-cameras was developed enabling stereoscopic auroral observations. An image intensifier allows for real-time imaging of auroral arcs with interference or broad-band filters. The combination of a small-angle optics with a CCD-chip of 756x580 pixels provides spatial resolutions of auroral small-scale structures down to 20 m. The cameras are controlled by personal computers with integrated global positioning (GPS) modules enabling time synchronization of the cameras and providing the exact geographical position for the portable cameras. Calibration with a standard Light source is the basis for quantitative evaluation of images by image processing techniques. The current technical development is the combination with local operating networks (LON) for monitoring camera parameters like voltage and temperature and remote control of parameters like filter positions, mounting tilt angles and camera gain.
The development of the ability to routinely ''machine'' glass materials to optical tolerances is highly desirable and, in particular, could provide new degrees of control over the precise shape of comp...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422517
The development of the ability to routinely ''machine'' glass materials to optical tolerances is highly desirable and, in particular, could provide new degrees of control over the precise shape of complex and unusual optical surfaces. Of particular interest in this regard is the formation of non-spherical shapes where there is a need to fabricate both inexpensive, low-precision optics as well as specialized high-precision aspheric components. This work describes the initial feasibility tests of the machining of a new type of glass, lead indium phosphate (LIP), a material which transmits from the visible to 2.8 mu m (for thin samples). Glossy surfaces were produced with a root-mean-square surface roughness of less than 100 nm (with 200 mu m filter). The results indicate that this approach offers the potential for producing high-quality aspheric optical shapes based on the use of LIP glass.
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