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arXiv 2023年

作者： Abend, Sven Allard, Baptiste Alonso, Iván Antoniadis, John Araújo, Henrique Arduini, Gianluigi Arnold, Aidan S. Aßmann, Tobias Augst, Nadja Badurina, Leonardo Balaž, Antun Banks, Hannah Barone, Michele Barsanti, Michele Bassi, Angelo Battelier, Baptiste Baynham, Charles F.A. Beaufils, Quentin Belić, Aleksandar Beniwal, Ankit Bernabeu, Jose Bertinelli, Francesco Bertoldi, Andrea Biswas, Ikbal Ahamed Blas, Diego Boegel, Patrick Bogojević, Aleksandar Böhm, Jonas Böhringer, Samuel Bongs, Kai Bouyer, Philippe Brand, Christian Brimis, Apostolos Buchmueller, Oliver Cacciapuoti, Luigi Calatroni, Sergio Canuel, Benjamin Caprini, Chiara Caramete, Ana Caramete, Laurentiu Carlesso, Matteo Carlton, John Casariego, Mateo Charmandaris, Vassilis Chen, Yu-Ao Chiofalo, Maria Luisa Cimbri, Alessia Coleman, Jonathon Constantin, Florin Lucian Contaldi, Carlo R. Cui, Yanou Ros, Elisa Da Davies, Gavin del Pino Rosendo, Esther Deppner, Christian Derevianko, Andrei de Rham, Claudia De Roeck, Albert Derr, Daniel Pumpo, Fabio Di Djordjevic, Goran S. Döbrich, Babette Domokos, Peter Dornan, Peter Doser, Michael Drougakis, Giannis Dunningham, Jacob Duspayev, Alisher Easo, Sajan Eby, Joshua Efremov, Maxim Ekelof, Tord Elertas, Gedminas Ellis, John Evans, David Fadeev, Pavel Fanì, Mattia Fassi, Farida Fattori, Marco Fayet, Pierre Felea, Daniel Feng, Jie Friedrich, Alexander Fuchs, Elina Gaaloul, Naceur Gao, Dongfeng Gardner, Susan Garraway, Barry Gauguet, Alexandre Gerlach, Sandra Gersemann, Matthias Gibson, Valerie Giese, Enno Giudice, Gian F. Glasbrenner, Eric P. Gündogan, Mustafa Haehnelt, Martin Hakulinen, Timo Hammerer, Klemens Hanımeli, Ekim T. Harte, Tiffany Hawkins, Leonie Hees, Aurelien Heise, Jaret Henderson, Victoria A. Herrmann, Sven Hird, Thomas M. Hogan, Jason M. Holst, Bodil Holynski, Michael Hussain, Kamran Janson, Gregor Jeglič, Peter Jelezko, Fedor Kagan, Michael Kalliokoski, Matti Kasevich, Mark Kehagias, Alex Kilian, Eva Koley, Soumen Konrad, Bernd Kopp, Joachim Kornakov, Georgy Kovachy, Tim Krutzik, Markus Kumar, Mukesh Kum Leibniz Universität Hannover Welfengarten 1 Hannover30167 Germany Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité CNRS Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Toulouse France Department of Industrial Engineering Higher Polytechnic School University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca Spain IFORTH Institute of Astrophysics N. Plastira 100 Heraklion70013 Greece Physics Department Imperial College Prince Consort Road LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom CERN Geneva 23CH-1211 Switzerland SUPA Department of Physics University of Strathclyde GlasgowG4 0NG United Kingdom Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm89081 Germany Institut für Quantentechnologien Wilhelm-Runge-Straße 10 Ulm89081 Germany Physics Department King’s College London LondonWC2R 2LS United Kingdom Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States Institute of Physics Belgrade University of Belgrade Pregrevica 118 Belgrade11080 Serbia DAMTP University of Cambridge Wilberforce Road CambridgeCB3 0WA United Kingdom Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics NCSR Demokritos Agia Paraskevi15310 Greece Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Largo Lucio Lazzarino Pisa56122 Italy Department of Physics University of Trieste Strada Costiera 11 Trieste34151 Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Trieste Section Via Valerio 2 Trieste34127 Italy LP2N Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences Université Bordeaux IOGS CNRS UMR 5298 1 rue François Mitterrand Talence33400 France SYRTE Observatoire de Paris Université PSL CNRS Sorbonne Université LNE 61 avenue de l’Observatoire Paris75014 France Department of Theoretical Physics University of Valencia BurjassotE-46100 Spain Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi110016 India Grup de Física Teòrica Departament de Física Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Barcelona08193

This document presents a summary of the 2023 Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop hosted by CERN. The workshop brought together experts from around the world to discuss the exciting developments in large-scale atom interferometer (AI) prototypes and their potential for detecting ultralight dark matter and gravitational waves. The primary objective of the workshop was to lay the groundwork for an international TVLBAI proto-collaboration. This collaboration aims to unite researchers from different institutions to strategize and secure funding for terrestrial large-scale AI projects. The ultimate goal is to create a roadmap detailing the design and technology choices for one or more km-scale detectors, which will be operational in the mid-2030s. The key sections of this report present the physics case and technical challenges, together with a comprehensive overview of the discussions at the workshop together with the main conclusions. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Interferometry

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THE ONE TO MULTIPLE AUTOMATIC HIGH ACCURACY REGISTRATION OF TERRESTRIAL LIDAR AND optical IMAGES

THE ONE TO MULTIPLE AUTOMATIC HIGH ACCURACY REGISTRATION OF ...

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The ISPRS Technical Commission iii Midterm Symposium on "developments, Technologies and Applications in Remote Sensing"

作者： Wang Yu Hu Chunmei Xia Guofang Xue Huimin School of Geomantic and Urban Information Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture

The registration of ground laser point cloud and close-range image is the key content of high-precision 3 D reconstruction of cultural relic object. In view of the requirement of high texture resolution in the field of cultural relic at present, The registration of point cloud and image data in object reconstruction will result in the problem of point cloud to multiple images. In the current commercial software, the two pairs of registration of the two kinds of data are realized by manually dividing point cloud data, manual matching point cloud and image data, manually selecting a two-dimensional point of the same name of the image and the point cloud, and the process not only greatly reduces the working efficiency, but also affects the precision of the registration of the two, and causes the problem of the color point cloud texture joint. In order to solve the above problems, this paper takes the whole object image as the intermediate data, and uses the matching technology to realize the automatic one-to-one correspondence between the point cloud and multiple images. The matching of point cloud center projection reflection intensity image and optical image is applied to realize the automatic matching of the same name feature points, and the Rodrigo matrix spatial similarity transformation model and weight selection iteration are used to realize the automatic registration of the two kinds of data with high accuracy. This method is expected to serve for the high precision and high efficiency automatic 3 D reconstruction of cultural relic objects, which has certain scientific research value and practical significance

关键词： Automatic Ground lidar High precision optical image Registration

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Various Issues and considerations for the Static Power Consumption in NANO-CMOS: design Perspective

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Materials Today: Proceedings 2019年 10卷 136-141页

作者： Ashwani Kumar Yadav Kartik Upadhyay Palak Gandhi Vaishali Amity School of Engineering & Technology Amity University Rajasthan Kant Kalwar NH-11C Jaipur-Delhi highway Jaipur-303002 Rajasthan India

Now a days designing techniques are very much concerned about the leakage currents reduction at different stages of abstraction. Leakage reduction strategies can be categorized on the basis of their effectiveness and output rate of 3 major classes: enhanced devices, trade off techniques, and leakage management. Static power consumption by the leakage currents is the main issue in CMOS ICs with gate lengths of 90 nm and less than that. Generally, the procedure allied with deviation may extensively amplify the whole amount of static current usage rate. The prime sources of variability are changes in: (i) changes in channel dimensions, (ii) changes in oxide thickness (iii) changes in channel doping profiles. Channel aspect of transistor in profound submicron technologies are subjected to the “classical” optical resolution bound. The 90 nm or 65 nm channel length is defined with wavelength of lower UV of 193 nm (or 157 nm). Static current expenditure has turn out to be extremely significant issue for the developers of lower submicron CMOS process and for designers of circuits. As the length of gate and threshold voltage reduces the subthreshold drain current rises significantly. Other components of the total static current consumption, such as gate tunneling currents, also come into existence. These issues have been covered in this work very effectively from designing perspective

关键词： Nano CMOS Leakage current Power Consumption design paramenters

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Comparison between the Arclight Ophthalmoscope and a Standard handheld Direct Ophthalmoscope: a Clinical study 19

Comparison between the Arclight Ophthalmoscope and a Standar...

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19th Conference on current developments in Lens design and optical engineering

作者： Parthasarathy, Mohana Kuppuswamy Faruq, Ibrahim Arthurs, Eugene Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan Univ Waterloo Sch Optometry & Vis Sci Waterloo ON Canada Costco Opt Waterloo ON Canada SPIE Bellingham WA USA Univ Waterloo Dept Phys Waterloo ON Canada Univ Waterloo Dept ECE Waterloo ON Canada Univ Waterloo Dept Syst Design Engn Waterloo ON Canada

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

The direct ophthalmoscope, a handheld device gives a highly magnified image of the retina. However, the sustainability of power source and cost are a limitation considering the usage demand. We compared a low-cost solar-powered Arclight ophthalmoscope with a standard ophthalmoscope Heine K180 in terms of ease of examination, usage, field of view, color rendition and patient comfort. Two clinically trained optometrists examined 28 patients and graded the ease of retinal examination, ease of use and assessed cup-disc ratio, which is an important diagnostic parameter for glaucoma, patient comfort and length of examination (scale 1-4). The examiners had good agreement for all assessments. Of a total of 78 examinations, only 8(10.3%) did not result in cup-disc ratio measurement in the undilated pupil condition using both devices. Ease of use was scored higher for Arclight than Heine but this was not statistically significant. In conditions like large discs, the Arclight resulted in easier examinations due to its larger field of view. Color rendition was better with the Heine device. In undilated pupils, the patients often reported that there was significant glare with Heine, however, post-dilation, they reported more glare with Arclight compared to Heine (73% versus 55%). The performance of Arclight was comparable to that of Heine and can be considered a low-cost alternative to the standard direct ophthalmoscope especially in large-scale patient examinations in developing countries where cost might be a factor.

关键词： Direct Ophthalmoscope Retina ophthalmology cup to disc ratio Arclight ophthalmoscope Heine ophthalmoscope solar powered ophthalmoscope

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Machine Learning-assisted Planning and Provisioning for SDN/NFV-enabled Metropolitan Networks 28

Machine Learning-assisted Planning and Provisioning for SDN/...

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28th European Conference on Networks and Communications, EuCNC 2019

作者： Troia, Sebastian Martinez, David Eugui Martin, Ignacio Zorello, Ligia Maria Moreira Maier, Guido Hernandez, Jose Alberto Gonzalez De Dios, Oscar Garrich, Miquel Romero-Gazquez, Jose Luis Moreno-Muro, Francisco-Javier Marino, Pablo Pavon Casellas, Ramon Milan Italy Telematic Engineering Department University Carlos III de Madrid Madrid Spain Telefonica Global CTO Madrid Spain Telecommunications Department Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Cartagena Spain E-lighthouse Network Solutions Spain Castelldefels Barcelona Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781728105468

After more than ten years of research and development, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are finally going mainstream. The fifth generation telecommunication standard (5G) will make use of novel technologies to create increasingly intelligent and autonomous networks. The METRO-HAUL project proposes an advanced SDN/NFV metro-area infrastructure based on an optical backbone interconnecting edge-computing nodes, to support 5G and advanced services. In this work, we present the METRO-HAUL planning tool subsystem that aims to optimize network resources from two different perspectives: off-line network design and on-line resource allocation. Off-line network design algorithms are mainly devoted to capacity planning. Once network infrastructure is in production stages and operational, on-line resource allocation takes into account flows generated by end-user-oriented services that have different requirements in terms of bandwidth, delay, Quality Of Service (QoS) and set of VNFs to be traversed. Through the paper, we describe the components inside the planning tool, which compose a framework that enables intelligent optimization algorithms based on Machine Learning (ML) to assist the control plane in taking strategic decisions. The proposed framework aims to guarantee a fair behavior towards past, current and future requests as network resource allocation decisions are assisted with ML approaches. Additionally, interaction schemes are proposed between the open-source Java-based Net2Plan tool, ML libraries and algorithms in Python easing algorithm development and prototyping for rapid interaction with SDN/NFV control and orchestration modules. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Network function virtualization

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Probabilistic methods for systems engineering with application to nanosatellite laser communications

Probabilistic methods for systems engineering with applicati...

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作者： Clements, Emily Baker Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Risk-tolerant platforms such as nanosatellites may be able to accept moderate performance uncertainty if it enables the reduction of cost or improves manufacturability, in contrast to large-budget space missions. New uncertainty-based systems engineering approaches such as uncertainty-based multidisciplinary optimization require the use of integrated performance models with input distributions, which do not yet exist for complex systems, e.g. laser communications (lasercom) payloads. In this thesis, we present our development of a statistical, risk-tolerant systems engineering approach and apply it to nanosatellite-based design and architecture problems to investigate whether adding a statistical element to systems engineering enables improvements in performance, manufacturability, and cost. The scope of this work is restricted to a subset of nanosatellite-based lasercom systems, which are particularly useful given current momentum to field Earth observing nanosatellite constellations and challenges for data retrieval. We build uncertainty-based lasercom performance models for a low Earth orbiting (LEO) system being developed at MIT called the Nanosatellite optical Downlink Experiment (NODE) as a reference architecture. Compared with a more traditional, deterministic systems engineering approach, we find our probabilistic approach leads to a lasercom downlink design with a 59% reduction in ground station diameter and a 46% reduction in space terminal power for equivalent probabilities of a LEO-ground system delivering 500 Gb/day. We compare the data volume and latency performance of five communication architectures for nanosatellite constellations with and without lasercom crosslinks: two ground stations vs. nine ground stations with (i and ii) lasercom and (iii and iv) X-band, and (v) UHF with one ground station. For example, we find that a 30-satellite Walker delta constellation of 6U satellites with an optical downlink to nine ground stations and optical crosslin

关键词： Aeronautics and Astronautics

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Zinc oxide clad limited area epitaxy semipolar iii-nitride laser diodes

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OPTICS EXPRESS 2018年第10期26卷 12490-12498页

作者： Myzaferi, Anisa Mughal, Asad J. Cohen, Daniel A. Farrell, Robert M. Nakamura, Shuji Speck, James S. DenBaars, Steven P. Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Elect & Comp Engn Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Univ Calif Santa Barbara Mat Dept Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Elect & Comp Engn 1415 Johnson Dr Madison WI 53706 USA

We report continuous-wave (CW) blue semipolar (2021) iii-nitride laser diodes (LDs) that incorporate limited area epitaxy (LAE) n-AIGaN bottom cladding with thin p-GaN and ZnO top cladding layers. LAE mitigates LD design limitations that arise from stress relaxation, while ZnO layers reduce epitaxial growth time and temperature. Numerical modeling indicates that ZnO reduces the internal loss and increases the differential efficiency of TCO clad LDs. Room temperature CW lasing was achieved of 445 nm for a ridge waveguide LD with a threshold current density of 10.4 kA/cm(2), a threshold voltage of 5.8 V, and a differential resistance of 1.1 Omega. (C) 2018 optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

关键词： Absorption coefficient Diode lasers Indium tin oxide Refractive index Visible light communications Zinc oxide

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In-channel modifications for improved optical detection of phosphate in a microfluidic chip design

In-channel modifications for improved optical detection of p...

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OCEANS - Europe

作者： Joyce O’Grady Nigel Kent Ivan Maguire Philip McGinnity Eleanor Jennings Fiona Regan DCU Water Institute School of Chemical Sciences Dublin City University Dublin Ireland engCORE School of Aerospace Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Carlow Institute of Technology Carlow Ireland School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork Cork Ireland line 2 Centre for Freshwater Studies and Department of Applied Sciences Dundalk Institute of Technology Dundalk Ireland

Recent developments in the area of low cost optical analysers has enabled rapid, reliable and robust analysis of water nutrient levels, such as phosphate, in water systems. Herein, describes an enhancement study of a previously demonstrated lab- on-a-disc (LOAD) centrifugal microfluidic device for the detection of phosphate in freshwater. The LOAD device utilizes a microfluidic sample processing to enable high precision metering and reagent mixing, followed by colorimetric analysis (at 880 nm) of the resultant complex. A customisable and complementary, in-house analysis system was also developed to enhance user interaction and enable rapid analysis. This analysis system delivers both disc centrifugation and automated colourimetric detection of the LOAD device, with recording of data transmitted via PC interface. The aim of this study is to maintain the same level of sensitivity of the current[1] system with a reduced pathlength. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for this new revised system are as follows: The blackened chip obtained the best sensitivity with an LOD and LOQ of 6 and 19 μg L -1 respectively, followed by the P80 roughened chip which achieved 13 and 38 μg L -1 , these results will be discussed further in this *** previously demonstrated microfluidic platform demonstrated an optical path length detection of 75 mm for optimal detectability, resulting in low quantity of sample testing per disc. This work details the optimisation of the disc design through a reduction of path length, therefore increasing the number of test replications on-disc by two-fold and a reduction in reagent consumption, whilst maintaining the same sensitivity using photo-enhancement techniques. The photo-enhancement techniques described in this paper utilize detection channel surface modifications, e.g. coatings and refractive index modification. These assist in significantly improving the signal-to-noise (S/N) with increased transmittance, hence

关键词： optical sensors Microfluidics Chemicals Sensitivity Paints Detectors Light emitting diodes

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Broadband optical sensing/detection technology for missile systems 21

Broadband optical sensing/detection technology for missile s...

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21st Annual Conference on Novel optical Systems design and Optimization

作者： Farley, Carlton, iii Kassu, Aschalew Sadate-Moualeu, Sandra Mills, Jonathan Brantley, Christina Edwards, Eugene Ruffin, Paul Sharma, Anup Alabama A&M Univ Dept Phys Normal AL 35762 USA Alabama A&M Univ Dept Mech Civil Engn & Construct Management Normal AL 35762 USA US Army AMRDEC Redstone Arsenal AL 35898 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781510620643

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620643

Researchers from the U.S. Army, along with university scientists, are implementing efforts to develop a hyperspectral/ broadband and/ or ultraviolet (UV) sensing technology for target discrimination. The Army's primary goal is to advance the development of fast reliable broadband optics techniques that can quickly identify and ascertain an indication of the geometric shape/ compositional structure of various materials encountered on the battlefield. Samples of a variety of cement-based, metal, and composite materials are assembled and investigated to determine each sample's spectra optical reflectance and absorption properties after being exposed to varying optical wavelengths. The optical wavelengths are generated from deuterium, halogen, and white light sources. The light intensity ratios are used to create data points which allowed for the identification of unique characteristics of each sample material. Broadband visible and near infrared (NIR) sources (deuterium and halogen) are reflected off the samples and the spectrometric reflections were captured. Several light intensity ratios are used and compared to distinguish the samples and error bars are created. While the initial results indicated that the halogen source may be used to distinguish most of the sample materials (and perhaps stand-alone versions of the other wavelength sources may not be sufficient), combinations of wavelengths/ laser diodes with broadband light sources were used to determine if the identification/ characteristics of each sample could be achieved. Results outlined in this paper include the current progress made toward the development of broadband optics sensing methodologies and instrumentation for identifying and discriminating the geometric configurations/ formations of various battlefield materials.

关键词： reflection UV visible NIR broadband halogen lamp deuterium white light LED

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The acoustic module for the IceCube upgrade

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Borowka, Jürgen Günther, Christoph Heinen, Dirk Zierke, Simon Abbasi, R. Ackermann, M. Adams, J. Aguilar, J.A. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, M. Alispach, C. Alves, A.A. Amin, N.M. An, R. Andeen, K. Anderson, T. Anton, G. Argüelles, C. Ashida, Y. Axani, S. Bai, X. A. Balagopal, V. Barbano, A. Barwick, S.W. Bastian, B. Basu, V. Baur, S. Bay, R. Beatty, J.J. Becker, K.-H. Tjus, J. Becker Bellenghi, C. BenZvi, S. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Besson, D.Z. Binder, G. Bindig, D. Blaufuss, E. Blot, S. Boddenberg, M. Bontempo, F. Borowka, J. Böser, S. Botner, O. Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, E. Bradascio, F. Braun, J. Bron, S. Brostean-Kaiser, J. Browne, S. Burgman, A. Burley, R.T. Busse, R.S. Campana, M.A. Carnie-Bronca, E.G. Chen, C. Chirkin, D. Choi, K. Clark, B.A. Clark, K. Classen, L. Coleman, A. Collin, G.H. Conrad, J.M. Coppin, P. Correa, P. Cowen, D.F. Cross, R. Dappen, C. Dave, P. De Clercq, C. DeLaunay, J.J. Dembinski, H. Deoskar, K. De Ridder, S. Desai, A. Desiati, P. De Vries, K.D. De Wasseige, G. De With, M. DeYoung, T. Dharani, S. Diaz, A. Díaz-Vélez, J.C. Dittmer, M. Dujmovic, H. Dunkman, M. DuVernois, M.A. Dvorak, E. Ehrhardt, T. Eller, P. Engel, R. Erpenbeck, H. Evans, J. Evenson, P.A. Fan, K.L. Fazely, A.R. Fiedlschuster, S. Fienberg, A.T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Fischer, L. Fox, D. Franckowiak, A. Friedman, E. Fritz, A. Fürst, P. Gaisser, T.K. Gallagher, J. Ganster, E. Garcia, A. Garrappa, S. Gerhardt, L. Ghadimi, A. Glaser, C. Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, T. Goldschmidt, A. Gonzalez, J.G. Goswami, S. Grant, D. Grégoire, T. Griswold, S. Gündüz, M. Günther, C. Haack, C. Hallgren, A. Halliday, R. Halve, L. Halzen, F. Ha Minh, M. Hanson, K. Hardin, J. Harnisch, A.A. Haungs, A. Hauser, S. Hebecker, D. Helbing, K. Henningsen, F. Hettinger, E.C. Hickford, S. Hignight, J. Hill, C. Hill, G.C. Hoffman, K.D. Hoffmann, R. Hoinka, T. Hokanson-Fasig, B. Hoshina, K. Huang, F. Huber, M. Huber, T. Hultqvist, K. Hünnefeld, M. III. Physikalisches Institut B RWTH Aachen University AachenD-52056 Germany Department of Physics University of Adelaide AdelaideACT5005 Australia Dept. of Physics and Astronomy University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Dr. AnchorageAK99508 United States Dept. of Physics University of Texas at Arlington 502 Yates St. Box 19059 ArlingtonTX76019 United States CTSPS Clark-Atlanta University AtlantaGA30314 United States School of Physics Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA30332 United States Dept. of Physics Southern University Baton RougeLA70813 United States Dept. of Physics University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States Institut für Physik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin BerlinD-12489 Germany Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie Ruhr-Universität Bochum BochumD-44780 Germany Université Libre de Bruxelles Science Faculty CP230 BrusselsB-1050 Belgium Dienst ELEM BrusselsB-1050 Belgium Department of Physics Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Dept. of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Dept. of Physics Institute for Global Prominent Research Chiba University Chiba263-8522 Japan Department of Physics Loyola University Chicago ChicagoIL60660 United States Dept. of Physics and Astronomy University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand Dept. of Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Dept. of Astronomy Ohio State University ColumbusOH43210 United States Dept. of Physics Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics Ohio State University ColumbusOH43210 United States Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen CopenhagenDK-2100 Denmark Dept. of Physics TU Dortmund University DortmundD-44221 Germany Dept. of Physics and Astronomy Michigan State Univ

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory will be upgraded with more than 700 additional optical sensor modules and new calibration devices. Improved calibration will enhance IceCube's physics capabilities both at low and high neutrino energies. An important ingredient for good angular resolution of the observatory is precise calibration of the positions of optical sensors. Ten acoustic modules, which are capable of receiving and transmitting acoustic signals, will be attached to the strings. These signals can additionally be detected by compact acoustic sensors inside some of the optical sensor modules. With this system we aim for calibration of the detectors' geometry with a precision better than 10 cm by means of trilateration of the propagation times of acoustic signals. This new method will allow for an improved and complementary geometry calibration with respect to previously used methods based on optical flashers and drill logging data. The longer attenuation length of sound compared to light makes the acoustic module a promising candidate for IceCube-Gen2, which may have optical sensors on strings with twice the current spacing. We present an overview of the technical design and tests of the system as well as analytical methods for determining the propagation times of the acoustic signals. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Calibration

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