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A novel I-RTD based optically-pulsed hybrid device for generating THz oscillations

A novel I-RTD based optically-pulsed hybrid device for gener...

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Chemical and Biological Standoff Detection iii

作者： Zhang, Weidong Woolard, Dwight Brown, Elliott Gelmont, Boris Dept. of ECE NC State University Raleigh NC 27695 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Army Research Office RTP NC 27709 Dept. of ECE University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 Dept. of ECE University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22903

The double-barrier AlGaSb/InAs/AlGaSb heterostructure with staggered bandgap alignment can admit significant interband tunneling current in addition to the conduction band electron transport. The resulting positive hole-charge accumulation in the right valence-band (VB) well will electrostatically modify the spatial potential profile across the device structure, thereby effectively altering the conduction of conduction-band electron transport. A sequentially triggered optical discharging process can be used to annihilate, or substantially reduce, the trapped holes that are generated from the interband tunneling process. Hence, an artificially induced electro-optic interaction can be used to return the device to its initial state and to produce a two-cycle oscillation process - i.e., one with a interband-induced charging transient followed by a optically-induced discharging transient to the initial state. These charging-discharging cycles obtained from this hybrid type of interband resonant-tunneling-diode (I-RTD) device constitute steady-state oscillatory behavior at very high frequency and produce alternating-current (ac) power as long as very short (i.e., sub-picosecond) and intense far-infrared laser pulses are presented to the diode. Initial studies of non-optimized structures and designs predict impressive figures of merit for oscillation frequencies (e.g., - 300-600 GHz) and substantial output powers (e.g., - 10 mW) for very modest device areas (i.e., 100 μm2). This paper will present physics-based I-RTD diode simulation results to precisely describe transport dynamics and transient electric current for both charging (initiated by Zener tunneling) and discharging (artificially induced by photons flux) processes. A basic electro-optical design concept and modeling approach for the analysis and synthesis of non-linear hybrid I-RTD circuits will also be presented. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) to perform a detailed assessment of the ac output power a

关键词： optical devices

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GigE transport: Delivering the future

GigE transport: Delivering the future

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National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, NFOEC 2005

作者： Duling iii, I.N. Vohra, S. Kuhns, J. C-COR Broadband Communications Products 6835 Deerpath Road Elkridge MD 21075 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1557527849

Gigabit Ethernet's adoption as the cable industry's transport protocol of choice has been swift. Recent technological developments have made GigE the ideal solution for converged networks, enabling the reliable delivery of broadcast and narrowcast video, data and VoIP voice traffic with an economic attractiveness never before possible. The current industry trend is to design high-capacity GigE networks that can handle various types of traffic on a single, converged platform. VoD and other services such as HDTV, high-speed data and VoIP are driving the network design requirements. Successfully delivering these bandwidth-heavy services to the end-user requires effective GigE transport system design, solution implementation at the operator head-end, and post-deployment maintenance. © 2005 optical Society of America.

关键词： Internet telephony

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Microstructured fibres for sensing applications

Microstructured fibres for sensing applications

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Photonic Crystals and Photonic Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications

作者： Petrovich, M.N. Van Brakef, A. Poletti, F. Mukasa, K. Austin, E. Finazzi, V. Petropoulos, P. O'Driscoll, E. Watson, M. DelMonte, T. Monro, T.M. Dakin, J.P. Richardson, D.J. University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom School of Chemistry and Physics University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. Fitel-Photonics Laboratory Ichihara Chiba Japan BAE SYSTEMS Advanced Technology Centre Sowerby Building Bristol United Kingdom

Microstructured fibres (MOFs) are among the most innovative developments in optical fibre technology in recent years. These fibres contain arrays of tiny air holes that run along their length and define the waveguiding properties. optical confinement and guidance in MOFs can be obtained either through modified total internal reflection, or photonic bandgap effects;correspondingly, they are classified into index-guiding Holey Fibres (HFs) and Photonic Bandgap Fibres (PBGFs). MOFs offer great flexibility in terms of fibre design and, by virtue of the large refractive index contrast between glass/air and the possibility to make wavelength-scale features, offer a range of unique properties. In this paper we review the current status of air/silica MOF design and fabrication and discuss the attractions of this technology within the field of sensors, including prospects for further development. We focus on two primary areas, which we believe to be of particular significance. Firstly, we discuss the use of fibres offering large evanescent fields, or, alternatively, guidance in an air core, to provide long interaction lengths for detection of trace chemicals in gas or liquid samples;an improved fibre design is presented and prospects for practical implementation in sensor systems are also analysed. Secondly, we discuss the application of photonic bandgap fibre technology for obtaining fibres operating beyond silica's transparency window, and in particular in the 3μ,m wavelength region, j.

关键词： optical fibers

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QWIP and third generation IR imagers

QWIP and third generation IR imagers

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Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI

作者： Costard, E Bois, P Marcadet, X Nedelcu, A THALES Res & Technol F-91404 Orsay France

ISBN: (纸本)081945768X

Standard GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) are from now seriously considered for the 3(rd) generation of IR imagers. Since 2002, the THALES Group has been manufacturing sensitive arrays using QWIP technology based on AsGa techniques through THALES Research and Technology Laboratory. This QWIP technology allows the realization of large staring arrays for Thermal Imagers (TI) working in the IR band iii (8-12 mu m). A review of the current QWIP products is presented. In the past researchers claimed many advantages of QWIPs. Uniformity was one of these and was the key parameter for the production start. By presenting our first results of a 640x512 LWIR FPA at a pitch of Mum, we also demonstrate that very high performances can be achieved even with small pixels which opens the field for the realization of usable and affordable megapixel FPAs. Another advantage widely claimed in the past for QWIPs was the so-called band-gap engineering and versatility of the iii-V processing. This allows the custom design of quantum structure to fulfill the requirements of specific applications like very long wavelength or multispectral detection. In this presentation, we present the performances of our first 256x256 MWIR/LWIR and LWIR/LWIR two color FPAs at a pitch of 25 mu m.

关键词： QWIP infrared detectors focal plane arrays iii-V MWIR LWIR

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Large adaptive deformable mirror: design and first prototypes

Large adaptive deformable mirror: Design and first prototype...

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Advanced Wavefront Control: Methods, Devices, and Applications iii

作者： Hamelinck, Roger Rosielle, Nick Steinbuch, Maarten Doelman, Niek Den Dolech 2 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands TNO Science and Industry Opto-Mechanical Instrumentation Stieltjesweg 1 2628 CK Delft Netherlands

The first prototype of an actuator for a new adaptive deformable mirror (DM) is presented together with the development of a 61-actuator grid element. The DM design consists of a thin membrane which acts as the correcting element. A grid of low voltage electro-magnetic push-pull actuators, impose out-of-plane displacements in the mirror's membrane. To provide a stable and stiff reference plane for the actuators, a mechanically stable and thermally decoupled honeycomb support structure is added. Several variants of variable reluctance actuators are considered. Each actuator consists of a closed magnetic circuit in which a strong permanent magnet (PM) provides a static magnetic force attracting ferromagnetic material. By applying a current through a coil which is situated around this magnet, this force can be influenced. Depending on the mechanical stiffness of the actuator, this leads to a certain displacement. Both the PM and the coil are connected to the fixed world and only the ferromagnetic material will move. The actuators are produced in arrays which make the design easy and extendable. The power dissipation in the actuator grid is in the order of milliwatts per actuator. Because of this low power dissipation active cooling is not required. The paper describes how the actuator stiffness and efficiency can be controlled. A test-setup is developed in which the actuator characteristics are measured.

关键词： Mirrors

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Towards practical design rules for quantum communications and quantum imaging devices

Towards practical design rules for quantum communications an...

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Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging iii

作者： Gunther, Neil J. Beretta, Giordano B. Performance Dynamics 4061 East Castro Valley Blvd. Castro Valley CA United States HP Laboratories 1501 Page Mill Road Palo Alto CA United States

A common syndrome in much of the current quantum optics and quantum computing literature is the casual switching between classical concepts (e.g., geometric rays, electromagnetic waves) and quantum concepts (e.g., state vectors, projection operators). Such ambiguous language can confuse designers not well versed in the deeper subtleties of quantum mechanics, or worse, it can lead to a flawed analysis of new designs for quantum devices. To validate that a quantum device can be constructed with the expected characteristics and that its quantum effects are correctly interpreted, a set of unambiguous design rules would be useful. In this paper we enumerate such a set of easily applied quantum rules in the hope that they might facilitate clearer communication between researchers and system developers in the field. In part, we are motivated by recently reported interferometer results that have not only led to flawed claims about disproving fundamental quantum principles, but have elicited equally flawed counter arguments from supposedly knowledgeable respondents. After one hundred years of testing Einstein's photon, it is alarming that such widespread confusion still persists. Our proposed quantum design rules are presented in a practical diagrammatic style, demonstrating their effectiveness by analyzing several interferometers that have appeared in the recent literature. Application to other quantum devices e.g., quantum ghost imaging, are also discussed. We stress that these rules are entirely quantum in prescription, being particularly appropriate for single-photon devices. Classical optics concepts e.g., refractive index, are not required since they are subsumed by our quantum rules.

关键词： Quantum theory

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ZENO: A new graphical tool for design and simulation of quantum circuits

ZENO: A new graphical tool for design and simulation of quan...

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Conference on Quantum Information and Computation iii

作者： Cabral, GEM Lula, B de Lima, AF Univ Fed Campina Grande BR-58109970 Campina Grande PB Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)0819458007

current technology for building digital computers is predicted to reach its limit within the next 10 years due to the increasing miniaturization of digital components. By reaching sizes of a few nanometers, electrons stop behaving as particles and start behaving as waves, obeying essentially the principles of Quantum Mechanics, and effects such as interference, superposition and entanglement become dominant. The utilization of those effects allows more that just an evolution of the miniaturization process. It allows for a computational parallelism impossible to be obtained efficiently through classical computational methods or devices. Several algorithms utilizing such effects have been proposed and indicated that Quantum Computation is significantly more efficient at solving certain class of problems than classical computation. Actually, there is not yet any hardware (a quantum computer) able to compute a useful algorithm outside of research labs. A turn-around to that problem is to simulate the behavior of a quantum computer by a classical computer. There are, to this day, a number of quantum computer simulators available which, in general, use the quantum circuit model defined by Deutsch. Just a few of them are universal. We have developed a novel universal quantum circuit simulator, called Zeno, to the design and test of quantum algorithms. Zeno offers a set of features that engulfs most of the features presented by the other existing universal quantum circuit simulators and that also allows it to be used in the design and simulation of quantum channels.

关键词： universal quantum simulator modeling quantum circuit quantum algorithm quantum channel

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FPGA design and implementation of a fast pixel purity index algorithm for endmember extraction in hyperspectral imagery

FPGA design and implementation of a fast pixel purity index ...

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Chemical and Biological Standoff Detection iii

作者： Valencia, David Plaza, Antonio Vega-Rodríguez, Miguel A. Pérez, Rosa M. Computer Science Department University of Extremadura Avda. de la Universidad s/n E-10071 Cáceres Spain Computer Science Department University of Extremadura Avda. de la Universidad s/n E-10071 Cáceres Spain

Hyperspectral imagery is a class of image data which is used in many scientific areas, most notably, medical imaging and remote sensing. It is characterized by a wealth of spatial and spectral information. Over the last years, many algorithms have been developed with the purpose of finding "spectral endmembers," which are assumed to be pure signatures in remotely sensed hyperspectral data sets. Such pure signatures can then be used to estimate the abundance or concentration of materials in mixed pixels, thus allowing sub-pixel analysis which is crucial in many remote sensing applications due to current sensor optics and configuration. One of the most popular endmember extraction algorithms has been the pixel purity index (PPI), available from Kodak's Research Systems ENVI software package. This algorithm is very time consuming, a fact that has generally prevented its exploitation in valid response times in a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, military applications or hazard and threat assessment/tracking (including wildland fire detection, oil spill mapping and chemical and biological standoff detection). Field programmable gate arrays (FPG As) are hardware components with millions of gates. Their reprogrammability and high computational power makes them particularly attractive in remote sensing applications which require a response in near real-time. In this paper, we present an FPGA design for implementation of PPI algorithm which takes advantage of a recently developed fast PPI (FPPI) algorithm that relies on software-based optimization. The proposed FPGA design represents our first step toward the development of a new reconfigurable system for fast, onboard analysis of remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery.

关键词： Algorithms

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FPGA developments for the SPARTA project

FPGA developments for the SPARTA project

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Astronomical Adaptive Optics Systems and Applications II

作者： Goodsell, S.J. Fedrigo, E. Dipper, N.A. Donaldson, R. Geng, D. Myers, R.M. Saunter, C.D. Soenke, C. Centre for Advanced Instrumentation Department of Physics Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom European Southern Observatory Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2 D-85748 Garching bei München Germany

The European Southern Observatory (ESO) and Durham University's Centre for Advanced Instrumentation (CfAI) are currently designing a standard next generation Adaptive Optics (AO) Real-Time Control System. This platform, labelled SPARTA 'Standard Platform for Adaptive optics Real-Time Applications' will initially control the AO systems for ESO's 2nd generation VLT instruments, and will scale to implement the initial AO systems for ESO's future 100m telescope OWL. Durham's main task is to develop the Wavefront Sensor (WFS) front end and Statistical Machinery for the SPARTA platform using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). SPARTA takes advantage of a FPGA device to alleviate the highly parallel computationally intensive tasks from the system processors, increasing the obtainable control loop frequency and reducing the computational latency in the control system. The WFS pixel stream enters a PMC hosted FPGA card contained within the SPARTA platform via optical fibres carrying the VITA 17.18/10 standard 2.5Gbps-1 serial Front Panel Data Port (sFPDP) protocol. Each FPGA board can receive a maximum of l0Gbs -1 of data via on-board optical transceivers. The FPGA device reduces WFS frames to gradient vectors before passing the data to the system processors. The FPGA allows the processors to deal with other tasks such as wavefront reconstruction, telemetry and real-time data recording, allowing for more complex adaptive control algorithms to be executed. This paper overviews the SPARTA requirements and current platform architecture, Durham's Wavefront Processor FPGA design and it concludes with a future plan of work.

关键词： Adaptive optics

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Recent developments in superconducting cavity RF control

Recent developments in superconducting cavity RF control

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14th Symposium on Photonics and Web engineering

作者： Simrock, S DESY D-2000 Hamburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819457566

Presently a large number of superconducting accelerators under construction or proposed impose stringent requirements on the rf control of the accelerating fields, operability, and reliability. The accelerator application range from linear colliders, UV-FELs and X-FELs, ERL based light sources, high power proton accelerators to heavy ion accelerators. Examples are TESLA and NLC, the European XFEL and Lux, the Cornell ERL based light source, the high power ERL based IR-FEL at JLAB, the neutron spallation source SNS, the heavy ion accelerator RIA, and the energy upgrade of the CEBAF accelerator at JLAB. The requirements on the rf systems range from low to high current, medium to high gradient, and relativistic to non-relativistics beam. With the technology in analog and digital electronics developing rapidly, the technology for rf feedback system is changing more and more from analog or hybrid systems towards fully digital systems. Todays DSPs and FPGAs can process sophisticated feedback algorithms on a time scale of some 100 ns to a few us with ADCs and DACs with about 100 MHz bandwidth at 14 bit and latencies less than 100 ns available to interface to the field detectors and field control actuators. Also fast analog multiplier technology allows for field detection and actuators for rf control with high linearity, measurement and control bandwidth while maintaining low noise levels.

关键词： superconducting accelerators RF system control system feedback digital signal processor field programmable array logic analog to digital converter digital to analog converter

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