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检索条件"任意字段=Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering - International Conference and Exposition"

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Simulating reach motions

Simulating reach motions

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Chaffin, Don B. Faraway, Julian Zhang, Xudong Center for Ergonomics 1656 Industrial and Operations Engineering Building University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2117 United States Wright State University United States

modeling normal human reach behavior is dependent on many factors. Anthropometry, age, gender, joint mobility and muscle strength are a few such factors related to the individual being modeled. Reach locations, seat configurations, and tool weights are a few other task factors that can affect dynamic reach postures. This paper describes how two different modeling approaches are being used in the University of Michigan human Motion Simulation Laboratory to predict normal seated reaching motions. One type of model uses an inverse kinematic structure with an optimization procedure that minimizes the weighted sum of the instantaneous velocity of each body segment. The second model employs a new functional regression technique to fit polynomial equations to the angular displacements of each body segment. To develop and validate these models, 38 subjects of widely varying age and anthropometry were asked to perform reaching motions while seated in simulated vehicle or industrial workplace. Between 48 and 72 reaches were required of each subject, for a total of over 7000 reaches. During these motions a Qualysis motion capture system was combined with an Ascension Technology Corporation Flock of Birds system to record the movements of each person's torso, shoulders, arm, forearm and hand. The paper discusses how the models differ in construction and performance, and how our existing biomechanical models can be linked to the new kinematic models for improved dynamic ergonomic evaluations. Ongoing research being conducted on human motion simulations at the University of Michigan's HUMOSIM Laboratory also is described. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Anthropometry

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modeling perceptual and motor behavior in a cognitive context

Modeling perceptual and motor behavior in a cognitive contex...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Glenn, Floyd Zachary, Wayne Le Mentec, J.C. Loiederman, Eric CHI Systems Inc. United States

This paper describes a project to investigate methods and techniques to represent physical and perceptual activity in the context of cognitive models of human performance. The application of principal interest is that of constructing computer-generated forces (CGFs) for use in large-scale distributed simulations of military forces. Of the several frameworks currently in existence for simulating human behavior at both a cognitive and behavioral level, CHI Systems' COGNET toolset represents a particularly attractive foundation for creating a tool to develop and execute CGFs. COGNET already possesses features that meet many of the human behavioral requirements of computer generated force models, including particularly its orientation toward representation of realtime, multi-tasking work environments. In this paper we describe extensions in the capabilities of the COGNET system for construction of CGF applications primarily through enhancements in the areas of sensory and motor abilities and constraints, individual differences, and situational effects. Enhancements in these areas have been accomplished through a number of extensions in which new model features have been developed using recent research results and theories. Although COGNET does not currently incorporate a detailed graphic body model, it offers a versatile tool for integrating with such models with anticipated benefits both in improving the representation of visual activities for COGNET and in providing intelligent guidance for graphic body model behavior. Demonstrations of COGNET models emphasizing perceptual and motor activities are presented. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Behavioral research

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Simulation of target directed movements within the CAD-Manmodel RAMSIS

Simulation of target directed movements within the CAD-Manmo...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Arlt, Frank Bubb, Heiner Technische Universität München Lehrstuhl für Ergonomie Germany

The ergonomic design of automobiles has changed over in the last years. It is increasingly being transferred from the usage of two-dimensional templates of the human shape to computer-aided manmodels. So far these models were mainly used for static anthropometric investigations on the drivers workplace. Dynamic questions can be answered only very insufficiently. In the context of this work a methodology was developed to precalculate target directed human movements in a motor vehicle environment with the CAD-manmodel RAMSIS. A new two-piece model was developed. In this model dynamic boundary conditions, so called dynamic restrictions, for any movement in a car are determined, concerning outside parameters. In the following, the entire bodyposture is determined by a statistical posture probability model, considering these dynamic restrictions. A control theory of human movements was derived from the field of neurophysiology. It was adapted to the problems for the application in a manmodel. This theory is used, to generate the necessary dynamic restrictions. For the first time, a statistical angle probability model is used to make the posture prognosis. The model was generated in a preceding work and its suitability to answer dynamic questions was validated within two test series. Altogether 12 different experiments, with in each case 15 test subjects, were carried out within all fields of this work. More than 500 "dynamic "postures were measured and analysed as well as more than 2500 movements. Within this report the developed strategy, that enables a technical designer to precalculate movements of humans within the manmodel RAMSIS realistically, will be shown. This enables the designer to regard also dynamic questions for the ergonomic design of an automobile. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Computer aided design

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Comfort evaluation as ergonomic tool with application to interior concepts of vehicles

Comfort evaluation as ergonomic tool with application to int...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Nagel, Katja Daimler Chrysler AG FT1/FM HPC G202 70 546 Stuttgart Germany

Within the development process of constructing and designing vehicles, comfort as an aspect of product quality occures to be more important. The recent developement of a new rating system, implements different aspects of scientific investigation in a multidisciplinary approach to build up an overall validation. The complex theoretical construct of comfort whith it's several aspects (i.e. postural comfort, seating comfort, thermal comfort) is split up into different criteria of evaluation. In a primary step investigation were made in order to define criteria for rating the aspects of posture comfort and seating comfort. For large persons possible deficits in design predominantly result out of the absolute size of the interior space. The limiting effects of qualitative seat characteristics predominantly surfaces in the sitting posture of small persons. These characteristics can be described by the indicator measures of the resultant and the functional knee hight, which permit a direct conclusion on the state of important body angles. The employment of six test persons in a laboratory experiment resulted in further understanding of the importance of the steering wheel position, especially regarding anthropometrical measures. The practise of the new developed rating system will show a further way to apply results of ergonomical research in the actual process of car interior construction. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Product design

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Computational strength determination of human long bones

Computational strength determination of human long bones

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Pellettiere, J.A. AFRL HEPA 2800 Q Street Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-7947 United States

With the increased number of airbags and other advanced restraint systems, the upper and lower extremities are becoming more widely studied to determine the injury potential from these devices. However, little injury tolerance data exist for whole bones. To address this deficiency, a finite element model of a female upper extremity was created from computed tomography scan data. A constant density of 1.86 g/cm3 was assumed with a previously developed transversely isotropic, elastic- plastic material model that incorporates rate effects through a modification to the longitudinal modulus and yield stress. Qualitative simulations were conducted for tension, compression, and torsion along the long axis of the bone and for three-point bending in the anterior-posterior direction. Failure was shown to occur in the area of weakest strength or greatest load. While some agreement was made with the expected fracture patterns, a greater mesh density is needed to achieve a better prediction of fracture propagation. A calculated quasi-static ultimate failure moment of 31.0 N-m for the radius and 30.8 N-m for the ulna compared favorably with data available in the literature. Dynamic simulations calculated an ultimate failure moment of 100.0 N-m for a supinated forearm and 73.0 N-m for a pronated forearm, both of which agree with previous testing. Using the methods employed here, models of human long bones can be created and used for simulations to predict strength and injury potential where testing might not be practical.

关键词： Bone

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Integration of electromagnetic and optical motion tracking devices for capturing human motion data Woojin Park

Integration of electromagnetic and optical motion tracking d...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Woolley, Charles Chaffin, D.B. Raschke, Ulrich Zhang, Xudong Jim Foulke United States University of Michigan United States Transom Technologies United States Wright State University United States

For human motion studies, which are to be used for either dynamic biomechanical analyses or development of human motion simulation models, it is important to establish an empirical motion database derived from efficient measurement and well-standardized data processing methodologies. This paper describes the motion recording and data processing system developed for modeling seated reach motions at the University of Michigan's HUMOSIM Laboratory. Both electromagnetic (Flock of Birds) and optical (Qualysis) motion capture systems are being used simultaneously to record the motion data. Using both types of devices provides a robust means to record human motion, but each has different limitations and advantages. The amount of kinematic information (DOFs), external sources of noise, shadowing, off-line marker identification/tracking time, and setup cost are key differences. Although there are reports on the use of each of the devices when used separately in studying human movement, to our knowledge no research has been reported where-in both devices were simultaneously used. To meet our research goals, we believed there were advantages by combining the two devices. A kinematic linkage model, which consists of eight links and twenty-two degrees-of-freedom was developed to represent a seated operator. A protocol of placing the electromagnetic receivers and optical markers was developed considering both the kinematic linkage definition of a seated operator and the advantages/shortcomings of the two measurement devices. A simulator was built, in which typical industrial and in-vehicle reach activities could be studied. A technique to correct errors in placing the electromagnetic receivers was developed, which uses initial standardized postures. This paper also describes joint center estimation and angle calculation methods using the sophisticated human model and inverse kinematics capabilities of the EAI-Transom Jack software. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers

关键词： Inverse kinematics

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Biomechanical simulation and animation of vehicle occupant kinematics for restrained and unrestrained conditions in rollover accidents

Biomechanical simulation and animation of vehicle occupant k...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Saczalski, Kenneth J. Saul, Jay Harrison, Terrence E. Lowrance, Cari A. Environmental Research and Safety Technologies United States Art of Engineering United States State of Arizona Office of the Attorney General United States

Current transportation safety interests involving the use of restraints in school buses, coupled with litigation claims arising from injuries to unrestrained occupants of school buses involved in rollovers, resulted in a study aimed at: understanding the biomechanical response and injury causing factors associated with unrestrained students involved in an actual school bus roll-over accident;and, comparing the unrestrained response condition to the hypothetical response if the students were lap belt restrained in the same rollover. A numerical occupant simulation computer code was used to input vehicle rollover motion to both belted and unbelted occupants. The unrestrained case theoretically duplicated the injury producing conditions that led to serious head and neck injury in certain students. The hypothetical case of lap belt restrained students demonstrated that the serious injury producing conditions could have been eliminated had lap belts been available and used during the actual roll-over accident. To more clearly demonstrate graphically the occupant kinematics for both conditions, the numerical computer analysis data is displayed as a series of orthographic images of interlinked ellipsoids. This data is then scanned into a 3-D graphics code with more realistic human models to allow real-time and slow motion viewing of the occupant response from both on board and off board view stations. The low cost and limited time needed to perform the analysis are less than experimental costs and suggest the analysis method can provide valuable insight into the benefits of utilizing restraints to prevent ejection and injury in vehicle rollover. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Accidents

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Validity of comfort assessment in RAMSIS

Validity of comfort assessment in RAMSIS

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering - international conference and exposition

作者： Nilsson, Gunnar Saab Automobile AB A1-3 TVHB S-461 80 Trollhättan Sweden

This paper describes the validation of the Comfort Assessment function of RAMSIS performed at Saab Automobile AB. The purpose was to find out if the effects of a change in design on comfort can be predicted by RAMSIS. An interior mock-up of a car was used, in which seat, steering wheel, accelerator pedal, brake pedal and clutch pedal could be adjusted independently. In this mock-up 21 test subjects (10 men, 11 women) were told to adjust the steering wheel and the seat in the way that they obtained a good driving position. Pedals were fixed at a pre-defined position. The test subjects were told to judge the discomfort of the driving position on a scale from 1 to 10 with 1 meaning "not at all comfortable" and 10 meaning "very comfortable". Then the test subjects were told to adjust the pedals and seat to improve the driving position, and asked to judge the discomfort of the new driving position. The seat, steering wheel and pedal positions were recorded for the two driving positions. Also, some anthropometric key dimensions were measured. A CAD model of the interior mock-up was created and transferred to RAMSIS. The anthropometric measures of the 21 test subjects were used to create RAMSIS manikins corresponding to each test subject. The manikins were positioned in the previously recorded seating position with the pre-defined pedal position. A task defining which points on the manikin should touch which surfaces in the model was created so that the manikin was positioned in a driving position. RAMSIS was used to calculate the comfort values. The pedals were repositioned according to the individual pedal arrangement for each manikin and the manikin was repositioned to the second driving position. The same task was used to calculate a new driving position, and the comfort values were calculated. For three manikins RAMSIS determined a worse comfort rating in the second driving position while the test subject specified a better comfort rating. In ten cases RAMSIS predicte

关键词： Computer aided design

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Virtual human modeling for manufacturing and maintenance

Virtual human modeling for manufacturing and maintenance

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Albers, Kevin M. Abshire, Kevin J. Lockheed Martin United States

Deneb's Interactive Graphic Robot Instruction Progam (IGRIP) and Envision software packages with the Ergonomic analysis option enabled were used for manufacturing process analysis and maintainability/human factors design evaluation in the Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems-Fort Worth facility. The initial objective of both the manufacturing and maintainability engineering community was to validate the use of ergonomic modeling and simulation tools in an effort to gain acceptance of this new technology. Each discipline selected an existing operation to baseline the validation. Manufacturing selected the F-16 vertical fin as it is assembled from detail parts into a complete assembly, ready to be mated to the aircraft. Maintainability selected the removal of the Expanded Data Entry Electronics Unit (EXDEEU) located behind the ejection seat of the F-16 aircraft. © 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Maintainability

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Optimizing the product design process by computer aided ergonomics

Optimizing the product design process by computer aided ergo...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Geuss, Hartwich Daimler Benz AG Germany

The use of conventional ergonomic designing aids necessitate a large experimental phase and a lot of iteration steps. Extensive tests are required by two reasons: The ergonomic design aids are not able to represent the morphology of real persons among the population. Furthermore it is very difficult to estimate, based on a CAD dataset, a real persons reaction in the designed environment. To overcome these deficiencies an man model (RAMSIS) in CAD with a large anthropometric database is used. A fast representation of a CAD dataset in a practical environment is realized by an computer controlled variable car mock-up. Copyright © Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Computer aided design

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