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检索条件"任意字段=Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Conference and Exhibition, DHM 2009"

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Biomechanical analysis of knee impact in frontal collisions through finite element simulations with a full human body model

Biomechanical analysis of knee impact in frontal collisions ...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Ruan, Jesse S. El-Jawahri, Raed Barbat, Saeed Rouhana, Stephen W. Prasad, Priya Ford Motor Company

This study applies a detailed finite element model of the human body to simulate occupant knee impacts experienced in vehicular frontal crashes. The human body model includes detailed anatomical features of the head, neck, chest, thoracic and lumbar spine, abdomen, and lower and upper extremities. The material properties used in the model for each anatomic part of the human body were obtained from test data reported in the literature. The total human body model used in the current study has been previously validated in frontal and side impacts. Several cadaver knee impact tests representing occupants in a frontal impact condition were simulated using the previously validated human body model. Model impact responses in terms of force-time and acceleration-time histories were compared with test results. In addition, stress distributions of the patella, femur, and pelvis were reported for the simulated test conditions. This study has demonstrated that a finite element model of the human body can be used as a powerful tool to help better understand vehicle crash injury mechanisms in the field of impact biomechanics. © 2008 SAE International.

关键词： Finite element method

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Influence of object properties on reaching and grasping tasks

Influence of object properties on reaching and grasping task...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Bae, Sungchan Choi, Jaewon Armstrong, Thomas J. University of Michigan 1205 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor 48109-2771 United States

This paper investigates how reaching and grasping are affected by various object properties and conditions. While previous studies have examined the effect of object attributes such as size, shape, and distance from the subject, there is a need for quantitative models of finger motions. To accomplish this, the experiment was performed with six subjects where the 3D-coordinates of the finger joints and the wrist of one hand were recorded during reaching and grasping tasks. Finger joint angles at final posture were found to depend on both object size and orientation while wrist postures were changed primarily depending on object orientation. Also, each object orientation caused alteration in relative object location with respect to the hand at final posture. In addition, analysis of temporal variables revealed that it took from 1.06 to 1.30 seconds depending on the object distance to start reaching and complete grasping of the object. People spent 44% of the total movement time on opening their fingers and 78% on reaching to the object. © 2008 SAE International.

关键词： Automotive engineering

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The development of human animation figures using 3D anthropometrical database

The development of human animation figures using 3D anthropo...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Yu, Chi-Yuang Liang, Ming-Hui Liang Lin, Yen-Hui Huang, Yu-Cang National Tsing Hua University Taiwan Chung Shan Medical University Taiwan Logistic Technology Corporation Taiwan

The objective of this study is to develop 3D animation human figures using an existing anthropometrical database-the Taiwanese 3D BodyBank with 135 male and female subjects. Each subject was scanned with 9 postures, one of standing postures was designated as "standard" to develop animation figures, and the other 8 were used for evaluation purpose. The database was stratified into 15 different body size groups, 5 heights and 3 weights, for the development of 15 animation figures each for the males and the females. For both genders, we began with the establishment of a prototype model of the animation figure on the median body size group. The developing of the prototype model is proceeded as (1) the selection of representative model within each body size group, (2) the design of the skeleton, (3) the definition of spherical coordinate system, (4) the organization of data structure, (5) the implantation of the skeleton, and (6) the binding of the surface data with the skeleton. The results of the prototype model were evaluated on accuracy and precision by superimposing the animated postures onto the 8 scanned postures. The finding showed that the average mismatching errors were all smaller than 10 mm. and the maximal mismatching errors were smaller than 16 mm. This prototype model was applied onto the rest of 14 body types using template matching method. © 2008 SAE International.

关键词： Animation

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Validation of a human body model for frontal crash and its use for chest injury prediction

Validation of a human body model for frontal crash and its u...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Pipkorn, Bengt Mroz, Krystoffer Autoliv Research

Whole-body kinematics of the finite element human body model THUMS was evaluated by means of sled tests. A model of a crash test dummy (Hybrid-III 50%-ile) was used to validate the test environment by matching the model predictions to the experimentally measured dummy sled test responses. Once the environment was validated, the THUMS model was placed in the sled model and the post mortem human subject (PMHS) sled tests were replicated. Two test configurations were used for the evaluation. One configuration was high impact velocity sled tests with an advanced restraint system. The other configuration was low impact velocity sled tests with a basic restraint system. The test velocities were 48 km/h and 29 km/h respectively. The evaluation was carried out by an objective rating method that compared predictions from the model to results from the mechanical tests. The method assessed the peak level, peak timing and curve shapes of the predictions relative to the test results. The mathematical crash dummy model predictions matched the mechanical counterpart responses well, confirming that the test environment was replicated. The match between the THUMS model predictions and PMHS responses was not as good. Generally the chest deflection predicted by THUMS was greater than the chest deflection predicted by the PMHS. There was also a discrepancy between model prediction of chest injury and PMHS injury. © 2008 SAE International.

关键词： Forecasting

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Dynamic hand space envelope during reaching and grasping

Dynamic hand space envelope during reaching and grasping

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Choi, Jaewon Bae, Sungchan Armstrong, Thomas J. University of Michigan 1205 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2771 United States

The objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamic space envelope during reaching and grasping tasks. Some amount of space is required for the hand and arm to move without interference in reach-to-grasp tasks. The required space ('dynamic space envelope') has not been examined in spite of its importance. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that the dynamic space envelope is a function of object size, hand size, grip type and distance. Six subjects (5 males, 1 female) participated in an experiment, in which they reached for and grasped three differently sized cylindrical objects (D: 26 mm, 60 mm, 114 mm) placed 40 cm in front of the subjects. Twenty-three markers were attached to the dorsal side of the hand and a 3-D motion capture system recorded the positions of the markers during reaching and grasping. The total distance from start to end positions is evenly divided into 10 ranges, and the areas of the required spaces were calculated for each range. It was observed that dynamic space envelope increased as the hand size increased (on average, 155 mm 2 increase per 1 mm increase of hand length). Increasing object size required more space envelope (on average, 15 mm2 increase per 1 mm increase of object diameter). Power grip required 10% more space than pinch grip on average. It was found that the largest space was required when the hand reached 70% of total distance. The information of a dynamic space envelope enables the design of a workspace or automobile interior which minimizes interference of hand movement. © 2008 SAE International.

关键词： Automotive engineering

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The design of half-face masks shape and sizing using 3D craniofacial database

The design of half-face masks shape and sizing using 3D cran...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Lee, Hsiang-Yi Yang, Yi-Hsieh Yu, Chi-Yuang Chen, Chih-Yong Nan Hua University Taiwan Logistic Technology Corporation Taiwan National Tsing Hua University Taiwan Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Taiwan

This study proposes a design method for half-face masks shape and sizing using an existing 3-D head database, aiming at air-tightness of faceseal and minimization of dead-space volume. The design procedure consists of two phases: extraction of 3-D faceseal contour and construction of mask body. In the extraction phase, the samples were divided into sizes L and S based on face-length (nasion-to-menton). Then mask boundary contour was determined from the middle sample. This boundary contour was projected onto every sample to extract 3-D faceseal contours and they were superimposed. The lateral side dispersion is a measure of air-leakage. Since the dispersion were greater than the design allowance of material elasticity and flesh deformation limit, sizing were further divided into "LS (shallow)", "LD (deep)", and "SS" and "SD". Within each size group, the sample with the deepest faceseal was selected as the final representative 3-D faceseal contour. The 3-D face surface (of the final representative sample) encircled by the faceseal was used to construct the mask body. The central longitudinal ridge-rib of the mask was constructed from the mid-sagital line. It was elevated above 10 mm at mid-nasion, 20 mm at nasal-tip and 10 mm at menton levels. Next, a series of horizontal contours were drawn crossing these reference points and were further interpolated to form a 3-D surface of the mask. The space bounded between the mask body and the face surface is the dead-space volume. The dead volume each for SS, SD, LS, and LD size was 168.3 cm3, 176.8 cm 3, 174.2 cm3, and 185.1 cm3 respectively, which is smaller than most existing masks (with a mean of 224.3 and S.D of 28.5) © 2008 SAE International.

关键词： Extraction

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digital human modeling requirements and standardization

Digital human modeling requirements and standardization

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Wegner, Diana Chiang, Jim Kemmer, Brent Lämkull, Dan Roll, Roland General Motors United States Ford Motor Company United States Applied Manufacturing Technologies General Motors United States Volvo Car Corporation Sweden Saab Automobile AB Sweden

This paper will initiate a discussion on automotive industry requirements and associated standardization of digital human modeling software (dhmS) as applied to manufacturing operations. Industry benefits of standardization are vast, making it difficult to identify and provide an exhaustive list. High value benefits will be listed for the purpose of this discussion. Industry users of dhmS will benefit by the standardization of an application programming interface, classification of anthropometry and simulation data translation. A list of high value standardization goals will be provided for the purpose of this discussion. Two examples of standardization goals include 1) a reduction in the time and cost required to integrate research results into commercial software and 2) improved simulation data transfer and linkages between dhmS to simplify the use of multiple tools when analyzing a single problem. This paper will provide an introduction to and proposal for standardization of dhmS. It will introduce the concept of a digital human modeling (dhm) architecture. It will also include a proposal on areas of standardization for future discussion. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Data transfer

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modeling personality traits for digital humans

Modeling personality traits for digital humans

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Conradi, Jessica Alexander, Thomas Research Institute for Communication Information Processing and Ergonomics Neuenahrer Str. 20 53343 Wachtberg Germany

Present digital human Models (dhms) are applicable for various purposes. Most of them are used to model anthropometry and motion behavior for workplace design and occupational health. But growing functionality has increased applications in other domains. One of these is populating Virtual Environments (VEs) or serving as advanced media for natural human-computer interaction (HCI). In this case dhms represent real persons (e.g., local users or distant communication partners) in distributed virtual meetings. Moreover, they can be controlled by artificial intelligence in order to interact with the system and enhance HCI. The dhm turns into a Virtual human then. Most of the Virtual humans used for marketing nowadays have a realistic anthropomorphic appearance. In contrast to this, their behavior modeling is often restricted to general algorithmic functions with face validity only. Due to inconsistencies between appearance and behavior this might result into a loss of credibility. The integration of personality models offers a way to overcome these inconsistencies and enhance credibility and realism. Psychology provides different models to describe personality. Personality can be considered as the result of the interaction of personality attributes. There are different models for clustering attributes to traits. It has been shown that these traits strongly affect the individual behavior. By adding such individual behavior the communication between the user and the Virtual human can be enhanced. This paper presents the results of a review of applications and opportunities of such models for Virtual humans. Based on these findings a novel approach for integrating personality models is introduced. The goal of the presented novel approach is to find a measurable, objective relation of single traits and motion behavior. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： human computer interaction

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The impact of the digital human modeling on the aircraft interior projects

The impact of the digital human modeling on the aircraft int...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Silva, Flavia Renata Dantas Alves Miranda, Mateus Rodrigues Reda, Fernando Molinari Embraer Design Studio Brazil

The main objective of this work is to show a broad view of digital human modeling software as a tool for aiding interior design projects for aircrafts. This will be achieved by showing digital manikins and their use during the development project of an aircraft interior. The time allocated to the design stage could be shortened and the costs concerning mock-up fabrication and certification were lowered because of this program's application during the entire process. The influence can be noted because of the ease to study monuments on high-density configurations, usability and accessibility of the door handles and on-board attendant visibility, etc. This paper is merely conceptual and do not involve existing aircrafts data or in development. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Door handles

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Predicting force-exertion postures from task variables

Predicting force-exertion postures from task variables

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exhibition

作者： Hoffman, Suzanne G. Reed, Matthew P. Chaffin, Don B. Human Motion Simulation Laboratory Industrial and Operations Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States

Accurate representation of working postures is critical for ergonomic assessments with digital human models because posture has a dominant effect on analysis outcomes. Most current digital human modeling tools require manual manipulation of the digital human to simulate force-exertion postures or rely on optimization procedures that have not been validated. Automated posture prediction based on human data would improve the accuracy and repeatability of analyses. The effects of hand force location, magnitude, and direction on whole-body posture for standing tasks were quantified in a motion-capture study of 20 men and women with widely varying body size. A statistical analysis demonstrated that postural variables critical for the assessment of body loads can be predicted from the characteristics of the worker and task. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Ergonomics

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