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检索条件"任意字段=Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Conference and Exposition"

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A small, high-fidelity reflectance pulse oximeter

A small, high-fidelity reflectance pulse oximeter

引用

114th Annual ASEE conference and exposition, 2007

作者： Thompson, David Warren, Steve Kansas State University United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Kansas State University United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 United States

Pulse oximeters have become standard equipment in both biomedical education and clinical settings. Since the operational principles of a pulse oximeter are straightforward, and since the analysis of these sensor data require basic computational and mathematical toolsets, this type of device is well suited to hands-on experiences geared toward both undergraduate and graduate students. However, this seemingly simple type of biomedical device offers challenges in the areas of motion artifact reduction, light excitation/collection, signal fidelity, and parameter extraction that provide rich material for undergraduate and graduate education and research. This paper addresses a new design for a silver-dollar-sized reflectance pulse oximeter that is easy for students to use and incorporates multiple design enhancements that result in high-quality photo-plethysmograms. The pulse oximeter communicates with a Lab VIEW virtual instrument via a serial USB interface. The double sided pulse oximeter board contains surface mount circuitry on one side and a reflectance sensor on the other side, where large area photodiodes are arranged radially around a central, dual red & near-infrared LED excitation source. The pulse oximeter is unique in that it is entirely digitally controlled and adjusts signal baselines depending on existing light levels. Additionally, it provides high fidelity red and near-infrared plethysmograms that demonstrate hundreds of analog-to-digital converter levels from peak to valley. Because the plethysmograms are unfiltered, they are good candidates for education and research projects that address signal filtering, blood oxygen saturation calculation algorithms, physiological parameter extraction from photo-plethysmographic signals, light/tissue interaction modeling, and the use of photo-plethysmograms in applications such as biométrie authentication. These new devices have been employed in (a) a Fall 2006 lecture/laboratory pair within a biomedical instrumenta

关键词： Oximeters

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Parameter estimation of the human ankle in the transverse plane during straight walking

Parameter estimation of the human ankle in the transverse pl...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Glaister, Brian C. Orendurff, Michael S. Schoen, Jason A. Klute, Glenn K. University of Washington United States

In order to reduce painful and injurious shear stresses for lower limb amputees, prosthetic ankle joints need to provide torsional control in the transverse plane. This paper attempts to characterize biological ankle function in the transverse plane with simple mechanical elements to assist in the design of a biomimetic prosthetic ankle joint. Motion capture data was collected from ten subjects walking in a straight trajectory to model four states of stance phase. Passive elements were chosen to model the ankle in each state. The ankle was observed to act as a quadratic torsional spring in State 1 and as linear torsional springs in States 2, 3 and 4. The results of this study should assist with the mechanical design and control of a biomimetic torsional prosthesis by suggesting a finite state control system and by providing the stiffness coefficients to be controlled for straight walking. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Shear stress

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A robust formulation for prediction of human running

A robust formulation for prediction of human running

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Chung, Hyun-Joon Xiang, Yujiang Mathai, Anith Rahmatalla, Salam Kim, Joo Marler, Timothy Beck, Steve Yang, Jingzhou Arora, Jasbir Abdel-Malek, Karim Obusek, John University of Iowa United States U.S. Army Soldier Center United States

A method to simulate digital human running using an optimization-based approach is presented. The digital human is considered as a mechanical system that includes link lengths, mass moments of inertia, joint torques, and external forces. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem to determine the joint angle profiles. The kinematics analysis of the model is carried out using the Denavit-Hartenberg method. The B-spline approximation is used for discretization of the joint angle profiles, and the recursive formulation is used for the dynamic equilibrium analysis. The equations of motion thus obtained are treated as equality constraints in the optimization process. With this formulation, a method for the integration of constrained equations of motion is not required. This is a unique feature of the present formulation and has advantages for the numerical solution process. The formulation also offers considerable flexibility for simulating different running conditions quite routinely. The zero moment point (ZMP) constraint during the foot support phase is imposed in the optimization problem. The proposed approach works quite well, and several realistic simulations of human running are generated. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Equations of motion

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Integrated modeling framework for anthropometry and physiology virtual body

Integrated modeling framework for anthropometry and physiolo...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Wilkerson, Patrick Przekwas, Andrzej CFD Research Corporation 215 Wynn Drive Huntsville AL 35805 United States

We believe that the future of human body testing in military and civilian applications is in using a new generation of "dummies" - "virtual humans". CFDRC's CMB (Computational Medicine and Biology) research group has developed an integrated bioinformatics software framework for intelligent analysis of biomedical databases, generation of geometrical models for simulations, and modeling setup for human biomechanical and physiological performance. The integrated 3D Java based software framework is a fully user-interactive Virtual Body framework for creation and editing the Virtual Body and acting as a front end for multi-scale anthropometry/anatomy physics based simulation software. This paper presents a software framework for visual manipulation and processing of human body anthropometric, skeletal, vascular and other anatomical databases. We have demonstrated the framework for scan/anatomy based virtual human body model generation and predictive simulation of cardiovascular system responses to high-g aircraft maneuvers. The fully developed Virtual Body will allow for complete user control and editing of morphing capabilities of various anatomical systems, including current skeletal and vascular systems, with a framework designed for additional anatomical systems such as muscular, skin, and organs. It provides the capability to generate/edit the static/dynamic human body models from laser scans, anthropometric databases, and other image based anatomical techniques, for predictive modeling of human body performance. The Virtual Body also acts as a data-generator/preprocessor for available human body simulation software including biomechanics, ergonomics, cardiopulmonary physiology, blast injury and other simulators. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Anthropometry

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Virtual Seat manufacturing and testing for FMVSS 202a backset prediction

Virtual Seat manufacturing and testing for FMVSS 202a backse...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Montmayeur, Nicole Marca, Christian Dwarampudi, Ramesh Kolich, Michael Nunez, Steve ESI Group United States FORD Motor Company United States

CAE capabilities have long been used for performing static and dynamic structural analysis during the seat design process. More recently, the soft parts of the seat including foams, trim and suspension have also been modeled with CAE. The purpose of this modeling is to better understand the physical phenomena which are involved in the sitting process, to enhance seat design knowledge, and to replace as much physical testing during the design process with virtual, CAE testing. This paper presents the first part of a multi-phased, both experimental and numerical project. The aim of this first stage is to assess the capabilities of a CAE methodology to predict FMVSS 202a backset. Based on CAD data, a finite element mesh of the seat was built. The mechanical behavior of all parts was characterized through experiments on material samples. The trimming process for the bottom cushion and the backrest were simulated, in order to evaluate the residual stresses resulting from the manufacturing stage. The resulting seat model was used to simulate the positioning of the SAE J826 dummy into the seat, together with the Head Restraint Measuring Device. The backset value was computed and compared to the experimental one. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Computer aided design

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Effects of the angle of approaching a spot for a manufacturing action on whole-body orientation and position

Effects of the angle of approaching a spot for a manufacturi...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Chang, Shao-Wen Wang, Mao-Jiun Delleman, Nico J. National Tsing Hua University Taiwan TNO Human Factors Netherlands

In general manufacturing consists of a sequence of actions on different spots. Depending on the sequence, workers may have to approach a spot from varying angles. The purpose of the study conducted was to describe the whole-body orientation and position when approaching a spot for a manufacturing action from five different angles, starting several meters away. Eight subjects were instructed to perform three different actions (knob rotating, pneumatic wrenching, and button pressing) at six working height s (between ankle height and eye height). The actions were selected for their varying level of constraint at the subject-environment interface. Amongst others, it was disclosed that there is a linear relationship between the final whole-body orientation (while performing the action) and the initial approach angle (while being on the starting position, directed to the manufacturing spot). Furthermore, a translation effect was found, showing that, when approaching from the right side, right-handed subjects position themselves more to the left of the straight line between their initial position and the spot for the manufacturing action. The results of the study may be used for proactive ergonomic assessments of manufacturing environments, allowing the user of a digital human model to accurately and efficiently be able to simulate realistic human motions and action sequences. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Manufacture

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A framework to study human response to whole body vibration

A framework to study human response to whole body vibration

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Rahmatalla, Salam Xia, Ting Ankrum, James Wilder, David Law, Laura Frey Abdel-Malek, Karim Contratto, Michael Kopp, Greg University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242 United States Caterpillar Inc. United States

A framework to study the response of seated operators to whole-body vibration (WBV) is presented in this work. The framework consists of (i) a six-degree-of-freedom man-rated motion platform to play back ride files of typical heavy off-road machines;(ii) an optical motion capture system to collect 3D motion data of the operators and the surrounding environment (seat and platform);(iii) a computer skeletal model to embody the tested subjects in terms of their body dimensions, joint centers, and inertia properties;(iv) a marker placement protocol for seated positions that facilitates the process of collecting data of the lower thoracic and the lumbar regions of the spine regardless of the existence of the seatback;and (v) a computer human model to solve the inverse kinematics/dynamic problem for the joint profiles and joint torques. The proposed framework uses experimental data to answer critical questions regarding human response to WBV. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Inverse kinematics

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Virtual ergonomic assessment on handheld products based on virtual grasping by digital hand

Virtual ergonomic assessment on handheld products based on v...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Endo, Yui Kanai, Satoshi Kishinami, Takeshi Miyata, Natsuki Kouchi, Makiko Mochimaru, Masaaki Department of Systems Science and Informatics Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Hokkaido University Japan Japan

The purpose of this research is to develop a system for virtual ergonomic assessment of products without real subjects and physical mockups by integrating a digital hand model with a product model. In previous work, we developed functions of a semi-automatic grasp planning for the digital hand and of quantitatively evaluating the grasp stability of the product based on the force-closure and the grasp quality in our system. We also confirmed the validity of the results from these functions by comparing them with the real grasp postures. However, only evaluating the grasp stability could not necessarily derive the appropriate grasp postures. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a new function of evaluating "ease of grasping (EOG)" for the grasp posture based on EOG-map constructed from principal component analysis for finger joint angles in real subjects' grasps. We also developed another function of optimizing the grasp posture to avoid inappropriate postures by evaluating the posture similarity on EOG-map in the system. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Principal component analysis

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Estimation of body links transfer functions in vehicle vibration environment

Estimation of body links transfer functions in vehicle vibra...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and Exhibition

作者： Kim, Heon-Jeong Martin, Bernard J. Mechanical Engineering Department Laboratory Center of Ergonomics University of Michigan Ann Arbor United States

Exposure of a driver to vehicle vibration is known to disrupt manual performances, and more specifically affect the speed and accuracy of reaching tasks associated with vehicle operation. The effects of whole body vibration (WBV) can be analyzed as a function of the vibration characteristics of each body link. This information can then be used to identify movement strategies and predict biodynamic responses. Conceptual principles derived from the understanding of human behavior in a vibratory environment can then be used for the design of controls or interfaces adapted for vehicle operation in this context. The transfer functions of individual upper body links were estimated to investigate their biodynamic properties as a function of vehicle vibration frequency and spatial location of targets to be reached. In the present study, fourteen seated participants performed pointing movements to eight targets distributed in the right hemisphere. WBV generated by a ride motion simulator (RMS) consisted of vertical and horizontal sinusoidal displacement of a vehicle cab at 2 Hz, 4 Hz, or 6 Hz. The results obtained for a subset of experimental conditions (vertical vibration, 5 selected targets) show that the transfer functions of the torso, upper arm, and lower arm-hand vary as a function of vibration frequency and target location. Copyright © 2007 SAE International.

关键词： Transfer functions

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Translating user experience to requirements

引用

1st International conference on digital human modeling, ICDHM 2007

作者： Gao, Ji Anderson, Glen Bramlett, Brian W. Palmer, Ryan Marsh II, Delbert 5200 NE Elam Young Pkwy. Hillsboro OR 97124 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9783540733188

In this paper we introduce the Usage-to-Platform Requirements (U2PR) process in the context of a platform product lifecycle at Intel that involves challenges beyond the development of an individual product. We describe the types of research necessary to inform the process, the methods we have evolved in developing use cases and usage requirements, and the practice used to communicate the requirements to the right audiences. The U2PR process provides a practical approach to fill the gap between descriptions of marketing opportunities and actionable, technology capability definitions and experience-quality requirements. It demonstrates how one can apply a general user-centered design process to strategic planning and design. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.

关键词： Requirements engineering

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