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检索条件"任意字段=Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Conference and Exposition"

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Postural behaviour in static gazing sidewards

Postural behaviour in static gazing sidewards

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Delleman, Nico J. Huysmans, Maaike A. Kuijt-Evers, Lottie F. M. TNO Human Factors P.O.Box 23 3769ZG Soesterberg Netherlands

This paper describes postural behaviour in static gazing sidewards. The results show that the head (supported by underlying segments) contributes at a particular rate to get the gaze onto target. This rate is reduced in the case that postural constraints are present, i.e., restricted ranges of motion of the pelvis (in sitting) and the chest (due to fixed hand positions), suggesting that postural behaviour is guided by some sort of musculoskeletal load sharing. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

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human performance modeling: Representation of different steering styles

Human performance modeling: Representation of different stee...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Whittaker, L.M.T. Spillane, A.F. Jones, R.P. Land Rover Banbury Road Lighthorne Warwickshire CV35 ORG United Kingdom School of Engineering University of Warwick United Kingdom

A driver model has been created in order to aid the development of new technologies that have the potential to enhance vehicle handling. This paper describes an investigation into the representation of different steering styles for human performance modeling. Different steering styles result in individual drivers using different steering inputs when negotiating an identical manoeuvre. The work is motivated by the effect of different steering styles on drivers' assessments of vehicles and the consequent possibility of engineering future vehicles to optimise the driver/vehicle combination. To achieve this optimisation, a driver model that is able to digitally represent different steering styles is required. Optimal control theory is used to formulate such a driver model;a cost functional represents the driver's motivation. It is demonstrated that assigning different relative costs to driver effort and vehicle motion results in the driver model using different steering inputs to negotiate a course. Vehicle test results show that different drivers experience different vehicle motion during the same manoeuvre;this is also apparent in results from the driver model. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Automobile steering equipment

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human modeling - From bubblemen to skeletons

Human modeling - From bubblemen to skeletons

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： McGuan, Shawn P. Mechanical Dynamics Inc.

This paper introduces a novel human modeling system utilizing the ADAMS (Mechanical Dynamics Inc.) multi-body simulation program. The FIGURE human modeling system is a plug-in to ADAMS, which provides users with the capability to generate human models of various levels of detail and fidelity, permitting simulations ranging from passive response (crash, falls, etc.) to active participation (sports performance, task simulation). One of the major innovations of FIGURE is how human motion is simulated using a concept of "motion agents". Motion agents are parts, which are positioned on the body segments at the location of the motion target marker from the motion, capture system. The motion agent is attached to the body part with a 6 degree-of-freedom spring so as to be a "motion influencer" rather than a "motion governor". Data from the motion capture system drives the agents thereby driving the human model. Since the human model is physics-based, the model will not violate joint restrictions, environment contacts, etc. From this simulation, resulting muscle elongation histories are then captured. A second simulation is performed using these muscle elongation histories via proportional derivative (PD) controllers to drive the human model using a direct dynamics approach. The paper introduces the modeling paradigm of FIGURE and provides an example of direct dynamics simulation based on data from a newly introduced motion capture device. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Muscle

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Influence of automotive seat and package factors on posture and applicability to design models

Influence of automotive seat and package factors on posture ...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Gutowski, Phaedra Bush, Tamara Reid Hubbard, Robert Balzulat, Jochen Michigan State University Biomechanical Research Design Laboratory 3536 Engineering Building East Lansing MI 48824-1226 United States Tecmath AG Human Solutions Division Sauerwiesen 2 67661 Kaiserslautern Germany

In an effort to create computer models to promote rapid, cost-effective prototyping while easing design changes, more information about how people interact with seats is needed. Predicting the occupant location, their geometry, and motion within a vehicle leads to a better determination of safety restraint location, controls reach, and visibility - factors that affect the overall operation of the vehicle. Based on the Michigan State University JOHN model, which provides a biomechanical simulation of the torso posture, experiments were conducted to examine the change of postures due to seat and interior package factors. The results can be incorporated into the posture prediction model of the RAMSIS program to give a more detailed prognosis of the spine curvature and refine the model-seat interactions. This paper will address findings of the experimental study with relation to model development. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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Biomechanical realism versus algorithmic efficiency: A trade-off in human motion simulation modeling

Biomechanical realism versus algorithmic efficiency: A trade...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Zhang, Xudong Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1206 West Green Street Urbana IL 61801 United States

The purpose this paper is to delineate why there exists a trade-off between biomechanical realism and algorithmic efficiency for human motion simulation models, and to illustrate how empirical human movement data and findings can be integrated with novel modeling techniques to overcome such a realism-efficiency tradeoff. We first review three major classes of biomechanical models for human motion simulation. The review of these models is woven together by a common fundamental problem of redundancykinematic and/or muscle redundancy. We describe how this problem is resolved in each class of models, and unveil how the trade-off arises, that is, how the computational demand associated with solving the problem is amplified as a model evolves from small scale to large scale, or from less realism to more realism. Several examples are then presented to illustrate how empirical motion data can be utilized for variable reduction and control simplification that help overcome the realism-efficiency trade-off. Examples are given for various levels of movement modeling, including joint motion activation information for minimizing the necessary degrees of freedom, joint motion coordination information for reducing kinematic model variables, and parameterization of inverse dynamics solutions for simplifying forward dynamics simulations. We conclude by remarking on future directions for the development of realistic, computationally efficient human motion simulation models. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Efficiency

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Relationship between KANSEI words describing the human body and body dimensions for modeling synthetic actors

Relationship between KANSEI words describing the human body ...

引用

digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Mochimaru, Masaaki Kouchi, Makiko Digital Human Laboratory National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Japan

In order to design a digital human model for computer graphics based on natural language, a mathematical model which estimates the scores of KANSEI words (overweight, thin, muscular etc.) from body dimensions was developed. Evaluation observers, consisting of 49 females and 64 males, watched image photographs of 24 young women and replied semantic scores of 21 KANSEI words for each photographed subject. The 24 photographed subjects were selected from over 200 subjects based on the somatotype. Analyzing the relationship between the scores and the 35 body dimensions of the photographed subjects, it was found that the sex differences of the observers were significant. Female observers evaluated body forms in greater detail and selected the dimensions to evaluate the scores of KANSEI words more carefully. Thus, we have developed a mathematical model, which estimates the scores of KANSEI words from body dimensions for the typical female observer. Since the scores of the 21 KANSEI words were correlated with each other, an independent set of 8 KANSEI words were selected. The mathematical model was constructed for 3 KANSEI words (overweight, plump and thin) in a multivariate regression model, and a fuzzy reasoning model for the 5 other words (skinny, medium, muscular, sturdy and tight). The errors of the estimated scores of KANSEI words were validated by another 38 female observers. The errors were 5% through 20%, and it was smaller than the standard deviation of inter-observer errors. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Errors

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Ergonomic evaluation and visualization in the car design process

Ergonomic evaluation and visualization in the car design pro...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Hanson, Lars Div. of Ergonomics Dep. of Design Sciences Lund University Sweden

Industries strive to minimize their development costs, to shorten the time required for development and to increase the quality of the product. The paper summarizes three ergonomic evaluation methods developed for the automotive industry. The first method presents a manikin with a movement pattern similar to people. The second method is a tool to evaluate comfort that can be combined with a manikin. The third and last, is a methodology for eliciting user comments. Ergonomic evaluation methods and tests with a computer support and generate information that may lead to reduced product development cost. These kinds of tools are also suitably used in cross-functional project groups in order to visualize alternative designs, and evaluations in a participative process. Visualization of traffic, driver and eye-movements seems to open up the discussion and is a step to a more user-centered design process. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Visualization

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Simulation model of the human body thermoregulation system and its applications for design of air/space autonomous life support systems

Simulation model of the human body thermoregulation system a...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Matjushev, Timofey V. Khabarovsky, Nikolay N. Kurmazenko, Edward A. Dokunin, Ivan V. Federal Enterprise Scientific Research Testing Institute of Medicine 12-A Petrovsko-Razumovskaya al Moscow 125083 Russia RD and PE ZVEZDA 39 Gogol str. Tomilino Moscow Region 140070 Russia NIICHIMMASH 14 B. Novodmitrovskaya Moscow 125015 Russia

The paper is dedicated to adequacy analysis of Simulation Model of human Body Thermoregulation System (HTSSM), intended for design of air/space Autonomous Life Support System (ALSS) The formal description of the HTSSM consists 51 equations to describe different body compartments, which consider different properties and individualities of human body as well as complexity dynamic characteristics of the studied functional system, and also includes the equation, which describes heat exchange processes in the heart and lung area. Active heat exchange mechanisms of thermoregulation system are described on the basis of fuzzy set theory. This paper discusses the HTMSS and its applications for: The analysis of a human heat state under heat stress conditions for a helmet area ventilation system design. The analysis of the temperature/moisture fields in the extra-vehicular suit for design of thermal control system. The results of computed experiments obtained using the HTMSS are also reviewed. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Fuzzy set theory

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Exertion-driven strength modeling of the shoulder

Exertion-driven strength modeling of the shoulder

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Dickerson, Clark R. Chaffin, Don B. HUMOSIM Laboratory Center for Ergonomics University of Michigan 1205 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48105 United States

This study begins the exploration of the relationship between shoulder external moments and perceived exertion levels for submaximal delivery tasks. Twenty subjects were recorded while performing hand load movement tasks to specified targets. After each exertion, subjects were asked to rate the effort required to perform the task. The recorded motion profiles were processed using a biomechanical upper extremity model, from which resultant external shoulder moments were calculated. Average resultant shoulder moments, stratified by exertion level, were also calculated. Several individual subject moment/exertion profiles showed identifiable trends. It was demonstrated that while no strong relationships exist for individual task exertion effort prediction based on resultant shoulder moments, there is a general trend in the overall data sample, as is shown by a high correlation between mean integrated resultant shoulder moment by exertion level and exertion levels. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Automotive engineering

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Towards understanding the workspace of the upper extremities

Towards understanding the workspace of the upper extremities

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digital human modeling for design and engineering conference and exposition

作者： Abdel-Malek, Karim Yang, Jingzhou Brand, Richard Tanbour, Emad Center for Computer Aided Design Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242 United States Department of Orthopaedics University of Iowa IA United States Stanley Howe Technical Center Hon Technology Inc. Division of Hon Industries

Significant attention in recent years has been given towards obtaining a better understanding of human joint ranges, measurement, and functionality, especially in conjunction with commands issued by the central nervous system. Studies of those commands often include computer algorithms to describe path trajectories. These are typically in "open-form" with specific descriptions of motions, but not "closed form" mathematical solutions of the full range of possibilities. This paper proposes a rigorous "closed form" kinematic formulation to model human limbs, understand their workspace (also called the reach envelope), and delineate barriers therein where a path becomes difficult or impossible owing to physical constraints. The novel ability to visualize barriers in the workspace emphasizes the power of these closed form equations. Moreover, this formulation takes into account joint limits in terms of ranges of motion and identifies barriers therein where a person is required to attain a different posture. Examples include the workspaces of a typical forearm, a typical finger, and is used to illustrate the visualization of the progress in the functionality of a wrist undergoing rehabilitation. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Joints (anatomy)

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