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digital human modeling for design and engineering Conference and Exposition

作者： Hada, Masatoshi Amano, Yasushi Fukui, Katsuhiko Doi, Shun-Ichi TOYOTA Central Research and Development Labs. INC. Human Factors Division Nagakute Aichi 480-1192 Japan

Four ellipsoid-type dexterity analyses, which have been popular in the field of robotics, were applied to evaluate vehicle driver's steering arrangement. The human was modeled as three-dimensional rigid bodies. Their length and inertia properties were based on anthropometric data. The newly defined measures were introduced as an effective radius of each ellipsoid along the steering direction, divided by a degree of agreement between the principal axes of the ellipsoid and those of the steering wheel. Sensitivity analyses were done with regard to the steering wheel location in a vertical plane and inclination, and seat back angle. Measures from dynamic dexterity ellipsoids, in particular the measure based on kinetic energy, nearly correspond to the traditional region of steering wheel arrangement from subjective judgement. Optimum inclination angle depending on seat back angle was calculated for three different sizes of drivers with the measures from dynamic dexterity ellipsoids. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Kinetic energy

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modeling of effort perception in lifting and reaching tasks

Modeling of effort perception in lifting and reaching tasks

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digital human modeling for design and engineering Conference and Exposition

作者： Kim, Kyunghan Martin, Bernard J. Chaffin, Don B. Woolley, Charles B. Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering University of Michigan 1205 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 2117 United States

Although biomechanics models can predict the stress on the musculoskeletal system, they cannot predict how the muscle load associated with exertion is perceived. The short-term goal of the present study was to model the perception of effort in lifting and reaching tasks. The long-term goal is to determine the correlation between objective and subjective measures of effort and use this information to predict fatigue or the risk of injury. Lifting and reaching tasks were performed in seated and standing situations. A cylindrical object and a box were moved with one hand and two hands, respectively, from a home location to shelves distributed in the space around the subject. The shoulder and torso effort required to perform these tasks were rated on a ten point visual analog scale. Statistical regression models were developed to determine the effects of target location, gender, age, strength, stature, hands used, and condition (seated or standing) on the perception of effort at the shoulder and low back, respectively. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Musculoskeletal system

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Predicting fatigue for isolated joints while wearing an extra-vehicular mobility unit (EMU)

Predicting fatigue for isolated joints while wearing an extr...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering Conference and Exposition

作者： Maida, James C. Gonzalez, L. Javier Rajulu, Sudhakar Miles, Erica NASA JSC United States Johnson Engineering United States Lockheed Martin

To work outside a space craft, humans must wear a protective suit. The required suit pressurization creates additional resistance for the wearer while performing work. How much does the suit effect work and fatigue? To answer these questions, dynamic torque was collected for the shoulder, elbow and wrist for six subjects in an Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). In order to quantify fatigue, the subjects were to exert maximum voluntary torque for five minutes or until their maximum fell below 50% of their initial maximum for three consecutive repetitions. Using the collected torque and time data, logarithmic based functions were derived to estimate torque decay to within an absolute error of 20%. These results will be used in the development of a generalized tool for prediction of maximum available torque over time for humans using the current EMU. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Torque

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Intentional systems representations are useful alternatives to physical systems representations of fire-related human behavior

Intentional systems representations are useful alternatives ...

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1st International symposium on human Behaviour in Fire

作者： Groner, NE Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Civil & Environm Engn Fire Safety Sci Engn Program Berkeley CA 94720 USA

Fire safety engineering analyses have been mostly confined to describing how the physical environment causes the events, including human behavior, that comprise a fire incident. Despite the use of cognitive and information processing constructs to explain behaviors, the person remains a "black box" that generates behavioral responses when exposed to physical stimuli in the environment. These "physical systems representations" are well-suited to the prediction of some human behaviors, for example, travel times constrained by physical crowding. However, physical systems representations are ill-suited to the task of modeling cognitively-derived human behaviors, because the mediating effects of peoples' intentions result in behavioral responses that are poorly correlated with objective measures of environmental stimuli. Examples of such behavior are delays in initiating evacuations when people are exposed to alarm signals and other ambiguous signs of fire. Because research based on physical systems representations neglects to investigate how individuals use information in their pursuit of goals, the resulting models are often complicated, lack parsimony, and do not generalize well to new settings. This paper discusses how "intentional systems representations" can describe the cognitively derived responses of people in a more parsimonious manner, and can be used to design fire safety systems that capitalize on the adaptive abilities of people. (A fire safety system is viewed as being comprised of all relevant components, including people, that play significant roles in the defense against a fire threat.) In an intentional systems representation, events are driven by the goals that people pursue. Using the framework of physical versus intentional systems representations, various models of fire-related human behavior are reviewed and evaluated. Also discussed is recent research by Groner and Williamson (1998, Scenario-based goal decomposition: a method for implementing per

关键词： intentional systems representations physical systems representations fire-related human behavior

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Prediction of head orientation based on the visual image of a three dimensional space

Prediction of head orientation based on the visual image of ...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering Conference and Exposition

作者： Kim, Kyunghan Martin, Bernard J. Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering University of Michigan 1205 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 2117 United States

Head movements contribute to the acquisition of targets in visually guided tasks such as reaching and grasping. It has been found that head orientation is generally related to the spatial location of the visual target. The movements of the head in a three-dimensional space are described using six degrees of freedom including translations along x-, y- and z-axis plus rotations about x-, y- and z-axis. While the control of head movement is heavily dependent upon visual perception, head movements lead to a change in the visual perception of the task space as well. In the present study we analyzed head movements in a set of driving simulation experiments. Also a theoretical reconstruction of the perceived task space after head movements was modeled by a statistical regression. This process included the transformation of the task space from a global reference frame (earth-fixed) into a perceived space in a head-centered reference frame (head-fixed). Derived transformation parameters were decomposed into translational / rotational components of the head movements and compared to actual head rotation / translation to confirm the effectiveness of the model. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Head frames

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Computer environment for interventional neuroradiology procedures

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Simulation and Gaming 2001年第3期32卷 404-419页

作者： Li, Zirui Chui, Chee-Kong Anderson, James H. Chen, Xuesong Ma, Xin Hua, Wei Peng, Qunsheng Cai, Yiyu Wang, Yaoping Nowinski, Wieslaw L. Medical Imaging Lab Kent Ridge Digital Labs Singapore 119613 21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 720 Rutland Avenue United States CAD and CG State Key Lab Zhejiang University China School of Mechanical and Production Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore 14-03 BP Tower Singapore 119954 396 Alexandra Road Singapore

This article addresses the design and development of a computer-based medical simulation system (Neuro Cath) for training and patient-specific planning of interventional neuroradiology procedures. Neuro Cath includes three main components: vascular extraction and modeling, instrument navigational simulations, and realistic human-computer interfaces. As the basis of the simulation, the vascular model is constructed from images obtained from different modalities such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized tomography data. The model takes into account topological, geometrical, and physical properties of the patient's vasculature. A finite element method-based physical model is constructed to simulate the behavior of interventional radiological instruments and devices within vessels during the interventional radiology processes. Realistic human-computer interfaces are provided in accordance with the actual interventional radiology environment. These interfaces include the video monitors displaying the simulated X-ray images and the haptic apparatus providing physicians with realistic tactile feedback encountered in the catheterization procedures. © 2001 Sage Publications.

关键词： Catheterization Endovascular procedures Image-guided therapy Interventional neuroradiology Medical imaging Medical simulation

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3D Anthropometric Data to Support human Centered Industrial design

3D Anthropometric Data to Support Human Centered Industrial ...

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The 6th Pan-Pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics

作者： J.F.M.Molenbroek Product and System Ergonomics Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering Technology University of Delft THE NETHERLANDS

Three-dimensional anthropometric methods provide much more surface information about the human body than traditional anthropometry. Therefore,making use of this information correctly and fully has become a new research field in applied ergonomics. On the one hand,human digital modeling is a method to represent a target population based on anthropometric data for design processes. On the other hand, current digital modeling is not an exact representation of a person because it somewhat overlooks many 3D human body surface characteristics which can be acquired by 3D anthropometric methods. To be able to take 3D characteristics of body form into consideration, we developed a concept of defining human body form in terms of mathematical description. The discovery of the laws of human body form in terms of mathematical description will definitely add more scientific theory to current digital human modeling. In addition,a semantic concept of body form based on mathematical terms should be developed into a new language that can be understood by designers. As a result,a bridge is built between 3D anthropometric data and industrial design. Finally, this concept will also give a new insight into the conceptualization of product design. This paper discusses the necessity and possibility of mathematical terms to describe human body form for industrial design not only in product design but also for workplace evaluation and design. Furthermore,some new ideas for further study are discussed.

关键词： Three anthropometry, Body form, Mathematical descriptions, modeling

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A multi-lingual synthesis and verification environment

A multi-lingual synthesis and verification environment

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Euromicro symposium on digital System design

作者： G. Economakos S. Stergiou G. Papakonstantinou V. Zoukos Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National and Technical University of Athens Athens Greece Access and Transmission Department Intracom Telecom S. A Greece

The adoption of hardware description languages as a design specification formalism, in the electronic design automation industry, has reached acceptance during the last years. This effort has been mainly supported by the VHDL and Verilog standardization activities, which are now offering a common formalism among different tool vendors, as well as novel ideas like the SystemCC++ class library, which promises hardware modeling using C++ syntax and a higher level of specification abstraction. The broad range of modern description language spectrum, supports efficient language based synthesis processes, starting at even higher abstraction levels. This paper presents a language based design environment, which combines synthesis and formal verification tasks, using an advanced compiler generator and based on language transformations. This combination, presenting low complexity, offers more power to language based synthesis and design management and can be used to find errors and better understand issues of behavioral modeling.

关键词： Hardware design languages Circuit synthesis Electronic design automation and methodology Formal verification Handicapped aids Circuit simulation High level synthesis Industrial electronics Electronics industry Standardization

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Development of robot simulator (SAFE-CAD) for safety design and control

Development of robot simulator (SAFE-CAD) for safety design ...

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International symposium on Micromechatronics and human Science (MHS)

作者： K. Ikuta H. Ishii M. Nokata Department of Micro System Engineering School of Engineering University of Nagoya Nagoya Aichi Japan

We have already proposed a danger evaluation method of various kinds of design and control strategies for human-care robots. The impact force was chosen as evaluation value, and the danger-index was defined to make quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness for each safety strategy. In this paper, new type of 3-D robot simulator for danger evaluation is constructed on PC. This simulator simplifies to evaluate danger about both design and control of various kinds of human-care robots and to quantify effectiveness of various safety strategies.

关键词： Safety Computational modeling humans Computer simulation Service robots Orbital robotics Robotics and automation design engineering Aging Performance evaluation

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Transistor chaining with integrated dynamic folding for 1-D leaf cell synthesis

Transistor chaining with integrated dynamic folding for 1-D ...

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Euromicro symposium on digital System design

作者： K.S. Berezowski Institute of Engineering Cybernetics Wroclaw University of Technology Wroclaw Poland

In this paper, a new method of transistor chaining for 1-D automatic leaf cell synthesis is presented. The method allows synthesis of cells suitable for row-based layouts with no restrictions imposed on network topologies/transistor sizes. The novelty of the solution arises from transistor chaining with integrated dynamic transistor folding. We provide the theoretical analysis of transistor folding, then formulate the problem and solve it using the computational model made after that of Bar-Yehuda et al. (1989). The model serves us as a basis for the novel algorithm constructed using the dynamic programming technique. The preliminary experiments show that the method reaches good quality chainings and the dynamic folding leads to further elimination of the diffusion gaps comparing to the recent results of other researchers. This results in the reduction of the layout width as well as the improvement of its manufacturability and quality.

关键词： Network synthesis Circuit synthesis Cybernetics Network topology Computational modeling Dynamic programming design methodology digital circuits Minimization Routing

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