While automation has eliminated many types of operator error, it has also created new types of technology-induced human errors. Many of these new errors are the result of what has been labeled technology-centered auto...
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While automation has eliminated many types of operator error, it has also created new types of technology-induced human errors. Many of these new errors are the result of what has been labeled technology-centered automation, where designers focus most of their attention on the mapping from software inputs to outputs, on mathematical models of required functionality, and on the technical details and problems internal to the computer: Little attention is given to evaluating software in terms of whether it provides transparent and consistent behavior that supports operators in their monitoring and control tasks. The goal of our research is to create and evaluate a methodology for integrated design of complex systems, including design of the automation and the human tasks, that minimizes human error through appropriate system and operator task design. The methodology is based on formal modeling, simulation, and analysis techniques for the software behavior, the user model of the system, and the operator tasks. This paper describes the human factors aspects of our approach using as an example the vertical flight control logic for a realistic aircraft flight management system FMS. Although the MD-11 FMS was used to derive the example for our case study, we made up much of the information due to our lack of knowledge about the design and the rationale of the real MD-11 design, and nothing in this paper should be taken as applying to that aircraft's actual automation. A companion paper at this conference describes the parts of the methodology focusing on the modeling and analysis of the automation itself.
This paper describes the features and use of a computerized human model MAN3D in the ergonomic evaluation of a container crane workplace. Detail is given to how human models are defined based on an anthropometric surv...
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Large-scale simulations are making satisfactory progress in all areas except human performance. Graphics have produced human models that appear realistic (face validity), but do not always behave realistically. With a...
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Large-scale simulations are making satisfactory progress in all areas except human performance. Graphics have produced human models that appear realistic (face validity), but do not always behave realistically. With a wealth of data about humans and human performance available, what keeps better data and models from being integrated into large-scale simulations? Do new requirements for verification, validation, and accreditation help or hinder the integration of the human component into large-scale simulation? Can those researching and modeling physical and cognitive issues work together to integrate their technologies? Can human performance models supplement or replace human-in-the-loop simulation, thereby reducing the cost and time required to develop a new system? The issues and technologies involved in developing and integrating human performance models are discussed.
Ford's use of digital mockups in vehicle design has improved the package and fit of components and systems within the vehicle. However, to fully meet and exceed the consumer's expectations of a vehicle it is c...
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Because of the enormous number of neurons and reflex pathways involved in the control of human motion, a comprehensive identification of the structure of the feedback control circuitry is a formidable experimental tas...
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We present a new free-form interactive modeling technique based on the metaphor of clay work. This paper discusses design issues and an immersive modeling system which enables a user to design intuitively and interact...
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The design of new Navy ships that can be effectively manned with dramatically fewer sailors raises can be supported by a digitaldesign environment. In this paper we will describe an effort currently underway to devel...
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The design of new Navy ships that can be effectively manned with dramatically fewer sailors raises can be supported by a digitaldesign environment. In this paper we will describe an effort currently underway to develop a software agent, the Executive Advisor, that can reason about human factors information accessible within the design environment. It will be able to alert and advise the engineeringdesign team regarding human factors issues and analyses appropriate to the current stage of the system design process. The agent is being built with a cognitive modeling tool called iGENTM, in order to (a) give advice about human factors issues and analyses appropriate to the current stage of design and design team activity, (b) reason about when to deliver and how to filter advice, (c) explain its advice, and (d) monitor changes in the design environment and reason about their impact. The structure of the agent and the issues in creating it will be described.
There are a large number of alternate approaches to duplicate human motion in the areas of virtual human performance and actual performance of human like robotic devices. Developed for specific purposes, the fidelity ...
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Intense competition and rapid environmental changes are revealing severe limitations in the effectiveness of the hierarchical, stable and Tayloristic management system currently used by the vast majority of batch manu...
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Intense competition and rapid environmental changes are revealing severe limitations in the effectiveness of the hierarchical, stable and Tayloristic management system currently used by the vast majority of batch manufacturing industries. A project-oriented enterprise model of batch plants which results of integrating together systems thinking and functional modeling is proposed here. The latter refers to the set of intents and relationships between goals, functions and components (both physical and abstract) that comprise an analytical viewpoint of batch processes involving product recipes, equipment capabilities, constraints and human competencies (skills and knowledge). Complementarily, the systemic perspective accounts for the organizational setting (roles, objectives and actors), and provides an orthogonal view through the duality of whole-parts relationships and the ubiquitous concepts of boundary, emergence and hierarchy upon which the project-oriented enterprise model is built. A case study that comprises a dairy facility involving the production +100 different fresh products using an order-driven management system will be presented. To support the prototype implementation of a plant information system using a hierarchy of project-based objects, a conceptual design has been developed. The implementation of the resulting enterprise model in Project 98(TM) will be discussed to highlight its easy and cheap implementation, and a number of advantages including: accumulation of information and knowledge, direct tracing of activities and cost analysis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Requirements and Technical Concepts for Aviation, Inc. (RTCA) has recently proposed a new concept known as "free flight" for guiding the separation of aircraft in the National Airspace System (NAS). &quo...
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The Requirements and Technical Concepts for Aviation, Inc. (RTCA) has recently proposed a new concept known as "free flight" for guiding the separation of aircraft in the National Airspace System (NAS). "Free flight" in the United States is a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) strategic goal for system capacity and for Air Traffic Services to improve accessibility, flexibility, and predictability in the national airspace in order to reduce flight times, crew resources, maintenance, and fuel costs. The scenarios in the current experiment were used to explore the farthest out parameters of "free flight" anticipated by RTCA in the year 2025. An evaluation of predicted scenario generation structures associated with "current day" and "free flight" operations under a specific experimental scenario was performed using two integrated human performance modeling tools, Air Manmachine Integration design and Analysis System (Air MIDAS) and the Integrated Performance modeling Environment (IPME). In analyses of a common scenario, each tool predicted a different Point of Closest Approach (PCA) distance under "current day" operations (MAir MIDAS = 5.86 nm, MIPME = 16.67 nm) as compared with "free flight" operations (M Air MIDAS = 6.65 nm, MIPME = 4.94 nm). This indicates that differences in the proximity between the aircraft existed between the two software tools as well as the contextually sensitive variables. This provides evidence that more focus needs to be brought to the effects of contextual effects that impact the virtual human operator of the NAS. A validation effort of these contextual findings with human-in-the-loop (HITL) data is anticipated and required prior to drawing any definite conclusions.
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